Measurement of protein expression using reagents with barcoded oligonucleotide sequences

ABSTRACT

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide a plurality of compositions each comprising a protein binding reagent conjugated with an oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifier for the protein binding reagent it is conjugated with, and the protein binding reagent is capable of specifically binding to a protein target. Further disclosed are methods and kits for quantitative analysis of a plurality of protein targets in a sample and for simultaneous quantitative analysis of protein and nucleic acid targets in a sample. Also disclosed herein are systems and methods for preparing a labeled biomolecule reagent, including a labeled biomolecule agent comprising a protein binding reagent conjugated with an oligonucleotide.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 15/715,028, filed on Sep. 25, 2017, which claims priority under35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/399,795, filedon Sep. 26, 2016; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/464,279, filed onFeb. 27, 2017; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/515,952, filed onJun. 6, 2017. The content of each of these related applications isherein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing inelectronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitledSequence_Listing_BDCRI_025C1.txt, created May 30, 2018 which is 2,735bytes in size. The information in the electronic format of the SequenceListing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND Field

The present disclosure relates generally to molecular biology, and moreparticular to simultaneous measurements of protein expressions and geneexpressions.

Description of the Related Art

Current technology allows measurement of gene expression of single cellsin a massively parallel manner (e.g., >10,000 cells) by attaching cellspecific oligonucleotide barcodes to poly(A) mRNA molecules fromindividual cells as each of the cells is co-localized with a barcodedreagent bead in a picoliter microwell. Other available technologiesallow measurement of gene expression of 96 to 384 single cells at atime. Indexed sorting can be achieved by first labeling cells withfluorescent antibodies and sorting by a flow sorter, e.g. BD FACSseqmachine. FACSseq is an affordable flow sorter that allows one parametersorting. For researchers who would like to examine expression ofmultiple proteins, they would require a more complex multi-color flowsorter.

There is a need for methods and systems that can quantitatively analyzeprotein expression as well as methods and systems that allowsimultaneous measurement of protein expression and gene expression incells.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide a plurality of compositionseach comprising a protein binding reagent conjugated with anoligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a uniqueidentifier for the protein binding reagent that it is conjugatedtherewith, and the protein binding reagent is capable of specificallybinding to a protein target. In some embodiments, the unique identifiercomprises a nucleotide sequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. In someembodiments, the unique identifier is selected from a diverse set ofunique identifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse set of uniqueidentifiers comprises at least 100 different unique identifiers. In someembodiments, the diverse set of unique identifiers comprises at least1,000 different unique identifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse setof unique identifiers comprises at least 10,000 different uniqueidentifiers. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositionscomprises a plurality of antibodies, a plurality of aptamers, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, oligonucleotide is conjugatedto the protein binding reagent through a linker. In some embodiments,the linker comprises a chemical group. In some embodiments, theoligonucleotide comprises the linker. In some embodiments, the chemicalgroup is reversibly attached to the protein binding reagent. In someembodiments, the chemical group is selected from the group consisting ofa UV photocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, the unique identifier is nothomologous to genomic sequences of a sample. In some embodiments, thesample is a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue, a tumor sample,or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sample is amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, theoligonucleotide comprises a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence), a poly(A) tail, or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, the plurality of compositions comprises at least 100different protein binding reagents. In some embodiments, the pluralityof compositions comprises at least 100 different protein bindingreagents. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositions comprisesat least 1,000 different protein binding reagents. In some embodiments,the plurality of compositions comprises at least 10,000 differentprotein binding reagents. In some embodiments, each protein bindingreagent is conjugated with one or more oligonucleotides comprising atleast one barcode sequence selected from a set of at least 10 differentbarcode sequences. In some embodiments, each protein binding reagent isconjugated with one or more oligonucleotides comprising at least onebarcode sequence selected from a set of at least 100 different barcodesequences. In some embodiments, each protein binding reagent isconjugated with one or more oligonucleotides comprising at least onebarcode sequence selected from a set of at least 1,000 different barcodesequences. The plurality of compositions can further comprise a secondprotein binding reagent not conjugated with the oligonucleotide. Theprotein binding reagent and the second protein binding reagent can bethe same. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositions is capableof specifically binding to a plurality of protein targets. In someembodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises a cell-surfaceprotein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, anantibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, areceptor, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pluralityof protein targets comprises 10-400 different protein targets.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide methods of quantitativeanalysis of a plurality of protein targets in a sample comprising:providing a sample comprising a plurality of protein targets; providinga plurality of compositions each comprising a protein binding reagentconjugated with an oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotidecomprises a unique identifier for the protein binding reagent that it isconjugated therewith, and the protein binding reagent is capable ofspecifically binding to at least one of the plurality of proteintargets; contacting the plurality of compositions with the sample forspecific binding with the plurality of protein targets; removing unboundcompositions; providing a plurality of oligonucleotide probes, whereineach of the plurality of oligonucleotide probes comprises a targetbinding region and a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence), wherein the barcode sequence is from a diverse set of uniquebarcode sequences; contacting the plurality of oligonucleotide probeswith the oligonucleotides of the plurality of compositions; extendingthe oligonucleotide probes hybridized to the oligonucleotides to producea plurality of labeled nucleic acids, wherein each of the labelednucleic acid comprises a unique identifier and a barcode sequence; anddetermining the number of unique barcode sequences for each uniqueidentifier, whereby the quantity of each protein target in the sample isdetermined. In some embodiments, the unique identifier comprises anucleotide sequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments,the unique identifier is selected from a diverse set of uniqueidentifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse set of unique identifierscomprises at least 100 different unique identifiers. In someembodiments, the diverse set of unique identifiers comprises at least1,000 different unique identifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse setof unique identifiers comprises at least 10,000 different uniqueidentifiers. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositionscomprises a plurality of antibodies, a plurality of aptamers, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, oligonucleotide is conjugatedto the protein binding reagent through a linker. In some embodiments,the linker comprises a chemical group. In some embodiments, theoligonucleotide comprises the linker. In some embodiments, the chemicalgroup is reversibly attached to the protein binding reagent. In someembodiments, the chemical group is selected from the group consisting ofa UV photocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, the sample comprises a singlecell. In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets is expressedon the surface of the single cell. In some embodiments, the removingunbound compositions comprises washing the single cell with a washingbuffer. In some embodiments, the methods comprise lysing the singlecell. In some embodiments, the methods comprise detaching theoligonucleotides from the protein binding reagents. In some embodiments,the oligonucleotides are detached from the protein binding reagent by UVphotocleaving, chemical treatment (dithiothreitol), heating, enzymetreatment, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, each of theoligonucleotide probes comprises a cell label, a binding site for auniversal primer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, thetarget binding region comprises poly(dT). In some embodiments, theplurality of oligonucleotide probes is immobilized on a solid support.In some embodiments, the solid support is a bead. In some embodiments,the methods further comprise amplifying the plurality of labeled nucleicacids to produce a plurality of amplicons. In some embodiments, theamplifying comprises PCR amplification of at least a portion of thebarcode sequence, and at least a portion of the unique identifier. Insome embodiments, the diverse set of unique barcode sequences comprisesat least 100 unique barcode sequences. In some embodiments, the diverseset of unique barcode sequences comprises at least 1,000 unique barcodesequences. In some embodiments, the diverse set of unique barcodesequences comprises at least 10,000 unique barcode sequences. Theplurality of compositions can further comprise a second protein bindingreagent not conjugated with the oligonucleotide. The protein bindingreagent and the second protein binding reagent can be the same. In someembodiments, the methods further comprise sequencing the plurality ofamplicons. In some embodiments, the sequencing comprises sequencing atleast a portion of the barcode sequence, and at least a portion of theunique identifier.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide methods of simultaneousquantitative analysis of a plurality of protein targets and a pluralityof nucleic acid target molecules in a sample comprising: providing asample comprising a plurality of protein targets and a plurality ofnucleic acid target molecules; providing a plurality of compositionseach comprising a protein binding reagent conjugated with anoligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a uniqueidentifier for the protein binding reagent that it is conjugatedtherewith, and the protein binding reagent is capable of specificallybinding to at least one of the plurality of protein targets; contactingthe plurality of compositions with the sample for specific binding withthe plurality of protein targets; removing unbound compositions;providing a plurality of oligonucleotide probes, wherein each of theplurality of oligonucleotide probes comprises a target binding regionand a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), wherein thebarcode sequence is from a diverse set of unique barcode sequences;contacting the plurality of oligonucleotide probes with theoligonucleotides of the compositions and the plurality of nucleic acidtarget molecules for hybridization; extending the oligonucleotide probeshybridized to the oligonucleotides and nucleic acid target molecules toproduce a plurality of labeled nucleic acids, wherein each of thelabeled nucleic acid comprises a unique identifier or a nucleic acidtarget molecule, and a barcode sequence; and determining the number ofunique barcode sequences for each unique identifier and each nucleicacid target molecule, whereby the quantity of each protein target andeach nucleic acid target molecule in the sample is determined. In someembodiments, the unique identifier comprises a nucleotide sequence of25-45 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the unique identifieris selected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. In someembodiments, the diverse set of unique identifiers comprises at least100 different unique identifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse setof unique identifiers comprises at least 1,000 different uniqueidentifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse set of unique identifierscomprises at least 10,000 different unique identifiers. In someembodiments, the plurality of compositions comprises a plurality ofantibodies, a plurality of aptamers, or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, oligonucleotide is conjugated to the protein bindingreagent through a linker. In some embodiments, the linker comprises achemical group. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises thelinker. In some embodiments, the chemical group is reversibly attachedto the protein binding reagent. In some embodiments, the chemical groupis selected from the group consisting of a UV photocleavable group, astreptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the sample comprises a single cell. In some embodiments,the plurality of protein targets is expressed on the surface of thesingle cell. In some embodiments, the removing unbound compositionscomprises washing the single cell with a washing buffer. In someembodiments, the methods comprise lysing the single cell. In someembodiments, the methods comprise detaching the oligonucleotides fromthe protein binding reagents. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotidesare detached from the protein binding reagent by UV photocleaving,chemical treatment (dithiothreitol), heating, enzyme treatment, or anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, each of the oligonucleotideprobes comprises a cell label, a binding site for a universal primer, orany combination thereof. In some embodiments, the target binding regioncomprises poly(dT). In some embodiments, the plurality ofoligonucleotide probes is immobilized on a solid support. In someembodiments, the solid support is a bead. In some embodiments, themethods further comprise amplifying the plurality of labeled nucleicacids to produce a plurality of amplicons. In some embodiments, theamplifying comprises PCR amplification of at least a portion of thebarcode sequence, at least a portion of the unique identifier, and atleast a portion of the nucleic acid target molecule. In someembodiments, the diverse set of unique barcode sequences comprises atleast 100 unique barcode sequences. In some embodiments, the diverse setof unique barcode sequences comprises at least 1,000 unique barcodesequences. In some embodiments, the diverse set of unique barcodesequences comprises at least 10,000 unique barcode sequences. Theplurality of compositions can further comprise a second protein bindingreagent not conjugated with the oligonucleotide. The protein bindingreagent and the second protein binding reagent can be the same. In someembodiments, the methods further comprise sequencing the plurality ofamplicons. In some embodiments, the sequencing comprises sequencing atleast a portion of the barcode sequence, at least a portion of theunique identifier, and at least a portion of the nucleic acid targetmolecule.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide kits for simultaneousquantitative analysis of a plurality of protein targets and a pluralityof nucleic acid target molecules in a sample comprising a plurality ofcompositions each comprising a protein binding reagent conjugated withan oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a uniqueidentifier for the protein binding reagent that it is conjugatedtherewith, and the protein binding reagent is capable of specificallybinding to a protein target, and a plurality of oligonucleotide probes,wherein each of the plurality of oligonucleotide probes comprises atarget binding region and a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence), wherein the barcode sequence is from a diverse set of uniquebarcode sequences. Disclosed herein include kits for simultaneousquantitative analysis of a plurality of protein targets and a pluralityof nucleic acid target molecules in a sample comprising a plurality ofcompositions each comprising two or more protein binding reagents eachconjugated with an oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotidecomprises a unique identifier for one of the two or more protein bindingreagents that it is conjugated therewith, and the protein bindingreagents are capable of specifically binding to a protein target, and aplurality of oligonucleotide probes, wherein each of the plurality ofoligonucleotide probes comprises a target binding region and a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), wherein the barcodesequence is from a diverse set of unique barcode sequences. Disclosedherein include kits for simultaneous quantitative analysis of aplurality of protein targets and a plurality of nucleic acid targetmolecules in a sample comprising a plurality of compositions eachcomprising two or more protein binding reagents each conjugated with anoligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a uniqueidentifier for the protein binding reagent that it is conjugatedtherewith, and the protein binding reagents are capable of specificallybinding to a protein target, and a plurality of oligonucleotide probes,wherein each of the plurality of oligonucleotide probes comprises atarget binding region and a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence), wherein the barcode sequence is from a diverse set of uniquebarcode sequences.

In some embodiments, each of the oligonucleotide probes comprises a celllabel, a binding site for a universal primer, or any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the target binding region comprisespoly(dT). In some embodiments, the plurality of oligonucleotide probesis immobilized on a solid support. In some embodiments, the solidsupport is a bead. In some embodiments, the diverse set of uniquebarcode sequences comprises at least 100 unique barcode sequences. Insome embodiments, the diverse set of unique barcode sequences comprisesat least 1,000 unique barcode sequences. In some embodiments, thediverse set of unique barcode sequences comprises at least 10,000 uniquebarcode sequences. In some embodiments, the kits comprise at least 1,000oligonucleotide probes. In some embodiments, the kits comprise at least10,000 oligonucleotide probes. In some embodiments, the kits comprise atleast 100,000 oligonucleotide probes. In some embodiments, the kitscomprise at least 1,000,000 oligonucleotide probes. In some embodiments,the unique identifier comprises a nucleotide sequence of 25-45nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the unique identifier isselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. In some embodiments,the diverse set of unique identifiers comprises at least 100 differentunique identifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse set of uniqueidentifiers comprises at least 1,000 different unique identifiers. Insome embodiments, the diverse set of unique identifiers comprises atleast 10,000 different unique identifiers. The plurality of compositionscan further comprise a second protein binding reagent not conjugatedwith the oligonucleotide. The protein binding reagent and the secondprotein binding reagent can be the same. In some embodiments, theplurality of compositions comprises a plurality of antibodies, aplurality of aptamers, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments,oligonucleotide is conjugated to the protein binding reagent through alinker. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a chemical group. Insome embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises the linker. In someembodiments, the chemical group is reversibly attached to the proteinbinding reagent. In some embodiments, the chemical group is selectedfrom the group consisting of a UV photocleavable group, a streptavidin,a biotin, an amine, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments,the unique identifier is not homologous to genomic sequences of asample. In some embodiments, the sample is a single cell, a plurality ofcells, a tissue, a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the sample is a mammalian sample, a bacterial sample, aviral sample, a yeast sample, a fungal sample, or any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), a poly(A) tail, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositionscomprises at least 100 different protein binding reagents. In someembodiments, the plurality of compositions comprises at least 100different protein binding reagents. In some embodiments, the pluralityof compositions comprises at least 1,000 different protein bindingreagents. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositions comprisesat least 10,000 different protein binding reagents. In some embodiments,the plurality of compositions comprises at least 10,000 differentprotein binding reagents. In some embodiments, each protein bindingreagent is conjugated with one or more oligonucleotides comprising atleast one barcode sequence selected from a set of at least 10 differentbarcode sequences. In some embodiments, each protein binding reagent isconjugated with one or more oligonucleotides comprising at least onebarcode sequence selected from a set of at least 100 different barcodesequences. In some embodiments, each protein binding reagent isconjugated with one or more oligonucleotides comprising at least onebarcode sequence selected from a set of at least 1,000 different barcodesequences. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositions is capableof specifically binding to a plurality of protein targets. In someembodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises a cell-surfaceprotein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, anantibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, areceptor, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pluralityof protein targets comprises 10-400 different protein targets.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide methods of identifying abiomarker in a sample comprising: providing a sample comprising aplurality of protein targets and a plurality of nucleic acid targetmolecules; providing a plurality of compositions each comprising aprotein binding reagent conjugated with an oligonucleotide, wherein theoligonucleotide comprises a unique identifier for the protein bindingreagent that it is conjugated therewith, and the protein binding reagentis capable of specifically binding to at least one of the plurality ofprotein targets; contacting the plurality of compositions with thesample for specific binding with the plurality of protein targets;removing unbound compositions; providing a plurality of oligonucleotideprobes, wherein each of the plurality of oligonucleotide probescomprises a target binding region and a barcode sequence (e.g., amolecular label sequence), wherein the barcode sequence is from adiverse set of unique barcode sequences; contacting the plurality ofoligonucleotide probes with the oligonucleotides of the compositions andthe plurality of nucleic acid target molecules for hybridization;extending the oligonucleotide probes hybridized to the oligonucleotidesand nucleic acid target molecules to produce a plurality of labelednucleic acids, wherein each of the labeled nucleic acid comprises aunique identifier or a nucleic acid target molecule, and a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence); determining the number ofunique barcode sequences for each unique identifier and each nucleicacid target molecule; and identifying a biomarker using the quantity ofa protein target or the quantity of a nucleic acid target molecule. Insome embodiments, the methods comprise determining the quantity of atleast one protein target and at least one nucleic acid target molecule.In some embodiments, the methods comprise comparing the quantity of atleast one protein target and its corresponding nucleic acid targetmolecule. In some embodiments, the methods comprise identifying abiomarker if the quantity of a protein target is greater than itscorresponding nucleic acid target molecule. In some embodiments, themethods comprise identifying a biomarker if the quantity of a proteintarget is at least 10× greater than its corresponding nucleic acidtarget molecule. In some embodiments, the methods comprise identifying abiomarker if the quantity of a protein target's corresponding nucleicacid target molecule is less than 10. In some embodiments, the methodscomprise identifying a biomarker if the quantity of a protein target'scorresponding nucleic acid target molecule is 0.

Disclosed herein include control particle compositions. In someembodiments, the control particle composition comprises a plurality ofcontrol particle oligonucleotides associated with a control particle,wherein each of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidescomprises a control barcode sequence and a poly(dA) region. At least twoof the plurality of control particle oligonucleotides can comprisedifferent control barcode sequences. The control particleoligonucleotide can comprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence). The control particle oligonucleotide can comprise a bindingsite for a universal primer.

In some embodiments, the control barcode sequence is at least 6nucleotides in length, 25-45 nucleotides in length, about 128nucleotides in length, at least 128 nucleotides in length, about 200-500nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof. The control particleoligonucleotide can be about 50 nucleotides in length, about 100nucleotides in length, about 200 nucleotides in length, at least 200nucleotides in length, less than about 200-300 nucleotides in length,about 500 nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof. The controlbarcode sequences of at least 5, 10, 100, 1000, or more of the pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides can be identical. The controlbarcode sequences of about 10, 100, 1000, or more of the plurality ofcontrol particle oligonucleotides can be identical. At least 3, 5, 10,100, or more of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotides cancomprise different control barcode sequences.

In some embodiments, the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidescomprises a plurality of first control particle oligonucleotides eachcomprising a first control barcode sequence, and a plurality of secondcontrol particle oligonucleotides each comprising a second controlbarcode sequence, and wherein the first control barcode sequence and thesecond control barcode sequence have different sequences. The number ofthe plurality of first control particle oligonucleotides and the numberof the plurality of second control particle oligonucleotides can beabout the same. The number of the plurality of first control particleoligonucleotides and the number of the plurality of second controlparticle oligonucleotides can be different. The number of the pluralityof first control particle oligonucleotides can be at least 2 times, 10times, 100 times, or more greater than the number of the plurality ofsecond control particle oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the control barcode sequence is not homologous togenomic sequences of a species. The control barcode sequence can behomologous to genomic sequences of a species. The species can be anon-mammalian species. The non-mammalian species can be a phage species.The phage species can be T7 phage, a PhiX phage, or a combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides is associated with the control particle through alinker. The at least one of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides can comprise the linker. The linker can comprise achemical group. The chemical group can be reversibly attached to the atleast one of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotides. Thechemical group can comprise a UV photocleavable group, a streptavidin, abiotin, an amine, a disulfide linkage, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the diameter of the control particle is about1-1000 micrometers, about 10-100 micrometers, 7.5 micrometer, or acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidesis immobilized on the control particle. The plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides can be partially immobilized on the controlparticle. The plurality of control particle oligonucleotides can beenclosed in the control particle. The plurality of control particleoligonucleotides can be partially enclosed in the control particle. Thecontrol particle can be disruptable. The control particle can be a bead.The bead can comprise a Sepharose bead, a streptavidin bead, an agarosebead, a magnetic bead, a conjugated bead, a protein A conjugated bead, aprotein G conjugated bead, a protein A/G conjugated bead, a protein Lconjugated bead, an oligo(dT) conjugated bead, a silica bead, asilica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, an anti-fluorochromemicrobead, or any combination thereof. The control particle can comprisea material of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, glass,polypropylene, agarose, gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic,plastic, glass, methylstyrene, acrylic polymer, titanium, latex,Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone, or any combination thereof. Thecontrol particle can comprise a disruptable hydrogel particle.

In some embodiments, the control particle is associated with adetectable moiety. The control particle oligonucleotide can beassociated with a detectable moiety.

In some embodiments, the control particle is associated with a pluralityof first protein binding reagents, and at least one of the plurality offirst protein binding reagents is associated with one of the pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides. The first protein binding reagentcan comprise a first antibody. The control particle oligonucleotide canbe conjugated to the first protein binding reagent through a linker. Thefirst control particle oligonucleotide can comprise the linker. Thelinker can comprise a chemical group. The chemical group can bereversibly attached to the first protein binding reagent. The chemicalgroup can comprise a UV photocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin,an amine, a disulfide linkage, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent is associatedwith two or more of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotideswith an identical control barcode sequence. The first protein bindingreagent can be associated with two or more of the plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides with different control barcode sequences. Insome embodiments, at least one of the plurality of first protein bindingreagents is not associated with any of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides. The first protein binding reagent associated with thecontrol particle oligonucleotide and the first protein binding reagentnot associated with any control particle oligonucleotide can beidentical protein binding reagents.

In some embodiments, the control particle is associated with a pluralityof second protein binding reagents. At least one of the plurality ofsecond protein binding reagents can be associated with one of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides. The control particleoligonucleotide associated with the first protein binding reagent andthe control particle oligonucleotide associated with the second proteinbinding reagent can comprise different control barcode sequences. Thefirst protein binding reagent and the second protein binding reagent canbe identical protein binding reagents.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent can be associatedwith a partner binding reagent, and wherein the first protein bindingreagent is associated with the control particle using the partnerbinding reagent. The partner binding reagent can comprise a partnerantibody. The partner antibody can comprise an anti-cat antibody, ananti-chicken antibody, an anti-cow antibody, an anti-dog antibody, ananti-donkey antibody, an anti-goat antibody, an anti-guinea pigantibody, an anti-hamster antibody, an anti-horse antibody, ananti-human antibody, an anti-llama antibody, an anti-monkey antibody, ananti-mouse antibody, an anti-pig antibody, an anti-rabbit antibody, ananti-rat antibody, an anti-sheep antibody, or a combination thereof. Thepartner antibody can comprise an immunoglobulin G (IgG), a F(ab′)fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, a combination thereof, or a fragmentthereof.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent can be associatedwith a detectable moiety. The second protein binding reagent can beassociated with a detectable moiety.

Disclosed herein are methods for determining the numbers of targets. Insome embodiments, the method comprises: barcoding (e.g., stochasticallybarcoding) a plurality of targets of a cell of a plurality of cells anda plurality of control particle oligonucleotides using a plurality ofbarcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes) to create a plurality of barcodedtargets (e.g., stochastically barcoded targets) and a plurality ofbarcoded control particle oligonucleotides (e.g., stochasticallybarcoded control particle oligonucleotides). In some embodiments, eachof the plurality of stochastic barcodes comprises one or more of: a celllabel sequence, a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence),and a target-binding region. The barcode sequences of at least twobarcodes of the plurality of barcodes can comprise different sequences.At least two barcodes of the plurality of barcodes can comprise anidentical cell label sequence. In some embodiments, a control particlecomposition comprises a control particle associated with the pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides, wherein each of the plurality ofcontrol particle oligonucleotides comprises a control barcode sequenceand a pseudo-target region comprising a sequence substantiallycomplementary to the target-binding region of at least one of theplurality of barcodes. The method can comprise: obtaining sequencingdata of the plurality of barcoded targets and the plurality of barcodedcontrol particle oligonucleotides; counting the number of barcodesequences with distinct sequences associated with the plurality ofcontrol particle oligonucleotides with the control barcode sequence inthe sequencing data. The method can comprise: for at least one target ofthe plurality of targets: counting the number of barcode sequences withdistinct sequences associated with the target in the sequencing data;and estimating the number of the target, wherein the number of thetarget estimated correlates with the number of barcode sequences withdistinct sequences associated with the target counted and the number ofbarcode sequences with distinct sequences associated with the controlbarcode sequence.

In some embodiments, the pseudo-target region comprises a poly(dA)region. The pseudo-target region can comprise a subsequence of thetarget. In some embodiments, the control barcode sequence can be atleast 6 nucleotides in length, 25-45 nucleotides in length, about 128nucleotides in length, at least 128 nucleotides in length, about 200-500nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof. The control particleoligonucleotide can be about 50 nucleotides in length, about 100nucleotides in length, about 200 nucleotides in length, at least 200nucleotides in length, less than about 200-300 nucleotides in length,about 500 nucleotides in length, or any combination thereof. The controlbarcode sequences of at least 5, 10, 100, 1000, or more of the pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides can be identical. At least 3, 5,10, 100, or more of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidescan comprise different control barcode sequences.

In some embodiments, the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidescomprises a plurality of first control particle oligonucleotides eachcomprising a first control barcode sequence, and a plurality of secondcontrol particle oligonucleotides each comprising a second controlbarcode sequence. The first control barcode sequence and the secondcontrol barcode sequence can have different sequences. The number of theplurality of first control particle oligonucleotides and the number ofthe plurality of second control particle oligonucleotides can be aboutthe same. The number of the plurality of first control particleoligonucleotides and the number of the plurality of second controlparticle oligonucleotides can be different. The number of the pluralityof first control particle oligonucleotides can be at least 2 times, 10times, 100 times, or more greater than the number of the plurality ofsecond control particle oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, counting the number of barcode sequences withdistinct sequences associated with the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides with the control barcode sequence in the sequencingdata comprises: counting the number of barcode sequences with distinctsequences associated with the first control barcode sequence in thesequencing data; and counting the number of barcode sequences withdistinct sequences associated with the second control barcode sequencein the sequencing data. The number of the target estimated can correlatewith the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associatedwith the target counted, the number of barcode sequences with distinctsequences associated with the first control barcode sequence, and thenumber of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associated with thesecond control barcode sequence. The number of the target estimated cancorrelate with the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequencesassociated with the target counted, the number of barcode sequences withdistinct sequences associated with the control barcode sequence, and thenumber of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotides comprisingthe control barcode sequence. The number of the target estimated cancorrelate with the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequencesassociated with the target counted, and a ratio of the number of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides comprising the controlbarcode sequence and the number of barcode sequences with distinctsequences associated with the control barcode sequence.

In some embodiments, the control particle oligonucleotide is nothomologous to genomic sequences of the cell. The control particleoligonucleotide can be not homologous to genomic sequences of thespecies. The control particle oligonucleotide can be homologous togenomic sequences of a species. The species can be a non-mammalianspecies. The non-mammalian species can be a phage species. The phagespecies can be T7 phage, a PhiX phage, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the control particle oligonucleotide can beconjugated to the control particle through a linker. At least one of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides can be associated withthe control particle through a linker. The at least one of the pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides can comprise the linker. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the at least one of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides. The chemical group cancomprise a UV photocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine,a disulfide linkage, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the diameter of the control particle is about1-1000 micrometers, about 10-100 micrometers, about 7.5 micrometer, or acombination thereof. The plurality of control particle oligonucleotidesis immobilized on the control particle. The plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides can be partially immobilized on the controlparticle. The plurality of control particle oligonucleotides can beenclosed in the control particle. The plurality of control particleoligonucleotides can be partially enclosed in the control particle.

In some embodiments, the method comprises releasing the at least one ofthe plurality of control particle oligonucleotides from the controlparticle prior to barcoding the plurality of targets and the controlparticle and the plurality of control particle oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the control particle is disruptable. The controlparticle can be a control particle bead. The control particle bead cancomprise a Sepharose bead, a streptavidin bead, an agarose bead, amagnetic bead, a conjugated bead, a protein A conjugated bead, a proteinG conjugated bead, a protein A/G conjugated bead, a protein L conjugatedbead, an oligo(dT) conjugated bead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead,an anti-biotin microbead, an anti-fluorochrome microbead, or anycombination thereof. The control particle can comprise a material ofpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose,gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene,acrylic polymer, titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone,or any combination thereof. The control particle can comprise adisruptable hydrogel particle.

In some embodiments, the control particle is associated with adetectable moiety. The control particle oligonucleotide can beassociated with a detectable moiety.

In some embodiments, the control particle can be associated with aplurality of first protein binding reagents, and at least one of theplurality of first protein binding reagents can be associated with oneof the plurality of control particle oligonucleotides. The first proteinbinding reagent can comprise a first antibody. The control particleoligonucleotide can be conjugated to the first protein binding reagentthrough a linker. The first control particle oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the first protein bindingreagent. The chemical group can comprise a UV photocleavable group, astreptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfide linkage, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent can be associatedwith two or more of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotideswith an identical control barcode sequence. The first protein bindingreagent can be associated with two or more of the plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides with different control barcode sequences. Atleast one of the plurality of first protein binding reagents can be notassociated with any of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides. The first protein binding reagent associated with thecontrol particle oligonucleotide and the first protein binding reagentnot associated with any control particle oligonucleotide can beidentical protein binding reagents. The control particle can associatedwith a plurality of second protein binding reagents At least one of theplurality of second protein binding reagents can be associated with oneof the plurality of control particle oligonucleotides. The controlparticle oligonucleotide associated with the first protein bindingreagent and the control particle oligonucleotide associated with thesecond protein binding reagent can comprise different control barcodesequences. The first protein binding reagent and the second proteinbinding reagent can be identical protein binding reagents.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent is associatedwith a partner binding reagent, and wherein the first protein bindingreagent is associated with the control particle using the partnerbinding reagent. The partner binding reagent can comprise a partnerantibody. The partner antibody can comprise an anti-cat antibody, ananti-chicken antibody, an anti-cow antibody, an anti-dog antibody, ananti-donkey antibody, an anti-goat antibody, an anti-guinea pigantibody, an anti-hamster antibody, an anti-horse antibody, ananti-human antibody, an anti-llama antibody, an anti-monkey antibody, ananti-mouse antibody, an anti-pig antibody, an anti-rabbit antibody, ananti-rat antibody, an anti-sheep antibody, or a combination thereof. Thepartner antibody can comprise an immunoglobulin G (IgG), a F(ab′)fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, a combination thereof, or a fragmentthereof.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent can be associatedwith a detectable moiety. The second protein binding reagent can beassociated with a detectable moiety.

In some embodiments, the barcode comprises a binding site for auniversal primer. The target-binding region can comprise a poly(dT)region.

In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes is associated with abarcoding particle. For example, at least one barcode of the pluralityof barcodes can be immobilized on the barcoding particle. At least onebarcode of the plurality of barcodes can be partially immobilized on thebarcoding particle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodescan be enclosed in the barcoding particle. At least one barcode of theplurality of barcodes can be partially enclosed in the barcodingparticle.

In some embodiments, the barcoding particle is disruptable. Thebarcoding particle can be a barcoding bead. The barcoding bead cancomprise a Sepharose bead, a streptavidin bead, an agarose bead, amagnetic bead, a conjugated bead, a protein A conjugated bead, a proteinG conjugated bead, a protein A/G conjugated bead, a protein L conjugatedbead, an oligo(dT) conjugated bead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead,an anti-biotin microbead, an anti-fluorochrome microbead, or anycombination thereof. The barcoding particle can comprise a material ofpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose,gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene,acrylic polymer, titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone,or any combination thereof. The barcoding particle can comprise adisruptable hydrogel particle.

In some embodiments, the barcodes of the barcoding particle comprisebarcode sequences selected from at least 1000, 10000, or more differentbarcode sequences. In some embodiments, the barcode sequences of thebarcodes comprise random sequences. In some embodiments, the barcodingparticle comprises at least 10000 barcodes.

In some embodiments, barcoding the plurality of targets and theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides using the plurality ofbarcodes comprises: contacting the plurality of barcodes with targets ofthe plurality of targets and control particle oligonucleotides of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides to generate barcodeshybridized to the targets and the control particle oligonucleotides; andextending the barcodes hybridized to the targets and the controlparticle oligonucleotides to generate the plurality of barcoded targetsand the plurality of barcoded control particle oligonucleotides.Extending the barcodes can comprise extending the barcodes using a DNApolymerase, a reverse transcriptase, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises amplifying the plurality ofbarcoded targets and the plurality of barcoded control particleoligonucleotides to produce a plurality of amplicons. Amplifying theplurality of barcoded targets and the plurality of barcoded controlparticle oligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, using polymerasechain reaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcode sequence and atleast a portion of the control particle oligonucleotide or at least aportion of the barcode sequence and at least a portion of the controlparticle oligonucleotide. Obtaining the sequencing data can compriseobtaining sequencing data of the plurality of amplicons. Obtaining thesequencing data can comprise sequencing the at least a portion of thebarcode sequence and the at least a portion of the control particleoligonucleotide, or the at least a portion of the barcode sequence andthe at least a portion of the control particle oligonucleotide.

Disclosed herein are kits. In some embodiments, the kit comprises: acontrol particle composition comprising a plurality of control particleoligonucleotides associated with a control particle, wherein each of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides comprises a controlbarcode sequence and a poly(dA) region.

In some embodiments, at least two of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides comprises different control barcode sequences. In someembodiments, the control barcode sequence can be at least 6 nucleotidesin length, 25-45 nucleotides in length, about 128 nucleotides in length,at least 128 nucleotides in length, about 200-500 nucleotides in length,or a combination thereof. The control particle oligonucleotide can beabout 50 nucleotides in length, about 100 nucleotides in length, about200 nucleotides in length, at least 200 nucleotides in length, less thanabout 200-300 nucleotides in length, about 500 nucleotides in length, orany combination thereof. The control barcode sequences of at least 5,10, 100, 1000, or more of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides can be identical. At least 3, 5, 10, 100, or more ofthe plurality of control particle oligonucleotides can comprisedifferent control barcode sequences.

In some embodiments, the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidescomprises a plurality of first control particle oligonucleotides eachcomprising a first control barcode sequence, and a plurality of secondcontrol particle oligonucleotides each comprising a second controlbarcode sequence. The first control barcode sequence and the secondcontrol barcode sequence can have different sequences. The number of theplurality of first control particle oligonucleotides and the number ofthe plurality of second control particle oligonucleotides can be aboutthe same. The number of the plurality of first control particleoligonucleotides and the number of the plurality of second controlparticle oligonucleotides can be different. The number of the pluralityof first control particle oligonucleotides can be at least 2 times, 10times, 100 times, or more greater than the number of the plurality ofsecond control particle oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the control particle oligonucleotide is nothomologous to genomic sequences of the cell. The control particleoligonucleotide can be not homologous to genomic sequences of thespecies. The control particle oligonucleotide can be homologous togenomic sequences of a species. The species can be a non-mammalianspecies. The non-mammalian species can be a phage species. The phagespecies can be T7 phage, a PhiX phage, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the control particle oligonucleotide can beconjugated to the control particle through a linker. At least one of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides can be associated withthe control particle through a linker. The at least one of the pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides can comprise the linker. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the at least one of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides. The chemical group cancomprise a UV photocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine,a disulfide linkage, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the diameter of the control particle is about1-1000 micrometers, about 10-100 micrometers, about 7.5 micrometer, or acombination thereof. The plurality of control particle oligonucleotidesis immobilized on the control particle. The plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides can be partially immobilized on the controlparticle. The plurality of control particle oligonucleotides can beenclosed in the control particle. The plurality of control particleoligonucleotides can be partially enclosed in the control particle.

In some embodiments, the control particle is disruptable. The controlparticle can be a control particle bead. The control particle bead cancomprise a Sepharose bead, a streptavidin bead, an agarose bead, amagnetic bead, a conjugated bead, a protein A conjugated bead, a proteinG conjugated bead, a protein A/G conjugated bead, a protein L conjugatedbead, an oligo(dT) conjugated bead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead,an anti-biotin microbead, an anti-fluorochrome microbead, or anycombination thereof. The control particle can comprise a material ofpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose,gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene,acrylic polymer, titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone,or any combination thereof. The control particle can comprise adisruptable hydrogel particle.

In some embodiments, the control particle is associated with adetectable moiety. The control particle oligonucleotide can beassociated with a detectable moiety.

In some embodiments, the control particle can be associated with aplurality of first protein binding reagents, and at least one of theplurality of first protein binding reagents can be associated with oneof the plurality of control particle oligonucleotides. The first proteinbinding reagent can comprise a first antibody. The control particleoligonucleotide can be conjugated to the first protein binding reagentthrough a linker. The first control particle oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the first protein bindingreagent. The chemical group can comprise a UV photocleavable group, astreptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfide linkage, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent can be associatedwith two or more of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotideswith an identical control barcode sequence. The first protein bindingreagent can be associated with two or more of the plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides with different control barcode sequences. Atleast one of the plurality of first protein binding reagents can be notassociated with any of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides. The first protein binding reagent associated with thecontrol particle oligonucleotide and the first protein binding reagentnot associated with any control particle oligonucleotide can beidentical protein binding reagents. The control particle can associatedwith a plurality of second protein binding reagents At least one of theplurality of second protein binding reagents can be associated with oneof the plurality of control particle oligonucleotides. The controlparticle oligonucleotide associated with the first protein bindingreagent and the control particle oligonucleotide associated with thesecond protein binding reagent can comprise different control barcodesequences. The first protein binding reagent and the second proteinbinding reagent can be identical protein binding reagents.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent is associatedwith a partner binding reagent, and wherein the first protein bindingreagent is associated with the control particle using the partnerbinding reagent. The partner binding reagent can comprise a partnerantibody. The partner antibody can comprise an anti-cat antibody, ananti-chicken antibody, an anti-cow antibody, an anti-dog antibody, ananti-donkey antibody, an anti-goat antibody, an anti-guinea pigantibody, an anti-hamster antibody, an anti-horse antibody, ananti-human antibody, an anti-llama antibody, an anti-monkey antibody, ananti-mouse antibody, an anti-pig antibody, an anti-rabbit antibody, ananti-rat antibody, an anti-sheep antibody, or a combination thereof. Thepartner antibody can comprise an immunoglobulin G (IgG), a F(ab′)fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, a combination thereof, or a fragmentthereof.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent can be associatedwith a detectable moiety. The second protein binding reagent can beassociated with a detectable moiety.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises a plurality of barcodes. Abarcode of the plurality of barcodes can comprise a target-bindingregion and a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), andbarcode sequences of at least two barcodes of the plurality of barcodescan comprise different molecule label sequences. The barcode cancomprise a cell label sequence, a binding site for a universal primer,or any combination thereof. The target-binding region comprises apoly(dT) region.

In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes can be associated with abarcoding particle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodescan be immobilized on the barcoding particle. At least one barcode ofthe plurality of barcodes is partially immobilized on the barcodingparticle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can beenclosed in the barcoding particle. At least one barcode of theplurality of barcodes can be partially enclosed in the barcodingparticle. The barcoding particle can be disruptable. The barcodingparticle can be a second bead. The bead can comprise a Sepharose bead, astreptavidin bead, an agarose bead, a magnetic bead, a conjugated bead,a protein A conjugated bead, a protein G conjugated bead, a protein A/Gconjugated bead, a protein L conjugated bead, an oligo(dT) conjugatedbead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, ananti-fluorochrome microbead, or any combination thereof. The barcodingparticle can comprise a material selected from the group consisting ofpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose,gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene,acrylic polymer, titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone,and any combination thereof. The barcoding particle can comprise adisruptable hydrogel particle.

In some embodiments, the barcodes of the barcoding particle comprisebarcode sequences selected from at least 1000, 10000, or more differentbarcode sequences. The barcode sequences of the barcodes can compriserandom sequences. The barcoding particle can comprise at least 10000barcodes. The kit can comprise a DNA polymerase. The kit can comprisereagents for polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Disclosed herein are methods and compositions that can be used forsequencing control. In some embodiments, the method comprises:contacting one or more cells of a plurality of cells with a controlcomposition of a plurality of control compositions, wherein a cell ofthe plurality of cells comprises a plurality of targets and a pluralityof protein targets, wherein each of the plurality of controlcompositions comprises a protein binding reagent associated with acontrol oligonucleotide, wherein the protein binding reagent is capableof specifically binding to at least one of the plurality of proteintargets, and wherein the control oligonucleotide comprises a controlbarcode sequence and a pseudo-target region comprising a sequencesubstantially complementary to the target-binding region of at least oneof the plurality of barcodes; barcoding the control oligonucleotidesusing a plurality of barcodes to create a plurality of barcoded controloligonucleotides, wherein each of the plurality of barcodes comprises acell label sequence, a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence), and/or a target-binding region, wherein the barcode sequencesof at least two barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise differentsequences, and wherein at least two barcodes of the plurality ofbarcodes comprise an identical cell label sequence; obtaining sequencingdata of the plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides; determiningat least one characteristic of the one or more cells using at least onecharacteristic of the plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides inthe sequencing data. In some embodiments, the pseudo-target regioncomprises a poly(dA) region.

In some embodiments, the control barcode sequence is at least 6nucleotides in length, 25-45 nucleotides in length, about 128nucleotides in length, at least 128 nucleotides in length, about 200-500nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof. The control particleoligonucleotide can be about 50 nucleotides in length, about 100nucleotides in length, about 200 nucleotides in length, at least 200nucleotides in length, less than about 200-300 nucleotides in length,about 500 nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof. The controlbarcode sequences of at least 2, 10, 100, 1000, or more of the pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides can be identical. At least 2, 10,100, 1000, or more of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidescan comprise different control barcode sequences.

In some embodiments, determining the at least one characteristic of theone or more cells comprises: determining the number of cell labelsequences with distinct sequences associated with the plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides in the sequencing data; anddetermining the number of the one or more cells using the number of celllabel sequences with distinct sequences associated with the plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides. The method can comprise: determiningsingle cell capture efficiency based the number of the one or more cellsdetermined. The method can comprise: comprising determining single cellcapture efficiency based on the ratio of the number of the one or morecells determined and the number of the plurality of cells.

In some embodiments, determining the at least one characteristic of theone or more cells using the characteristics of the plurality of barcodedcontrol oligonucleotides in the sequencing data comprises: for each celllabel in the sequencing data, determining the number of barcodesequences with distinct sequences associated with the cell label and thecontrol barcode sequence; and determining the number of the one or morecells using the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequencesassociated with the cell label and the control barcode sequence.Determining the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequencesassociated with the cell label and the control barcode sequence cancomprise: for each cell label in the sequencing data, determining thenumber of barcode sequences with the highest number of distinctsequences associated with the cell label and the control barcodesequence. Determining the number of the one or more cells using thenumber of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associated with thecell label and the control barcode sequence can comprise: generating aplot of the number of barcode sequences with the highest number ofdistinct sequences with the number of cell labels in the sequencing dataassociated with the number of barcode sequences with the highest numberof distinct sequences; and determining a cutoff in the plot as thenumber of the one or more cells.

In some embodiments, the control oligonucleotide is not homologous togenomic sequences of any of the plurality of cells. The controloligonucleotide can be homologous to genomic sequences of a species. Thespecies can be a non-mammalian species. The non-mammalian species can bea phage species. The phage species can be T7 phage, a PhiX phage, or acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises releasing the controloligonucleotide from the protein binding reagent prior to barcoding thecontrol oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the method comprisesremoving unbound control compositions of the plurality of controlcompositions. Removing the unbound control compositions can comprisewashing the one or more cells of the plurality of cells with a washingbuffer. Removing the unbound cell identification compositions cancomprise selecting cells bound to at least one protein binding reagentof the control composition using flow cytometry.

In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of protein targets ison a cell surface. At least one of the plurality of protein targets cancomprise a cell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, aT-cell receptor, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, areceptor, an integrin, or any combination thereof. The protein bindingreagent can comprise an antibody. The control oligonucleotide can beconjugated to the protein binding reagent through a linker. The controloligonucleotide can comprise the linker. The linker can comprise achemical group. The chemical group can be reversibly attached to thefirst protein binding reagent. The chemical group can comprise a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfidelinkage, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the protein binding reagent is associated with twoor more control oligonucleotides with an identical control barcodesequence. The protein binding reagent can be associated with two or morecontrol oligonucleotides with different identical control barcodesequences. In some embodiments, a second protein binding reagent of theplurality of control compositions is not associated with the controloligonucleotide. The protein binding reagent and the second proteinbinding reagent can be identical.

In some embodiments, the barcode comprises a binding site for auniversal primer. The target-binding region can comprise a poly(dT)region. In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes is associatedwith a barcoding particle. At least one barcode of the plurality ofbarcodes can be immobilized on the barcoding particle. At least onebarcode of the plurality of barcodes can be partially immobilized on thebarcoding particle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodes isenclosed in the barcoding particle. At least one barcode of theplurality of barcodes is partially enclosed in the barcoding particle.The barcoding particle can be disruptable. The barcoding particle can bea barcoding bead. The barcoding bead can comprise a Sepharose bead, astreptavidin bead, an agarose bead, a magnetic bead, a conjugated bead,a protein A conjugated bead, a protein G conjugated bead, a protein A/Gconjugated bead, a protein L conjugated bead, an oligo(dT) conjugatedbead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, ananti-fluorochrome microbead, or any combination thereof. The barcodingparticle can comprise a material of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS),polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose, gelatin, hydrogel,paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methyl styrene, acrylic polymer,titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone, or anycombination thereof. The barcoding particle can comprise a disruptablehydrogel particle.

In some embodiments, the barcoding particle is associated with anoptical moiety. The control oligonucleotide can be associated with anoptical moiety.

In some embodiments, the barcodes of the barcoding particle comprisebarcode sequences selected from at least 1000, 10000, or more differentbarcode sequences. In some embodiments, the barcode sequences of thebarcodes comprise random sequences. In some embodiments, the barcodingparticle comprises at least 10000 barcodes.

In some embodiments, barcoding the control oligonucleotides comprises:barcoding the control oligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes tocreate a plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides. In someembodiments, barcoding the plurality of control oligonucleotides usingthe plurality of barcodes comprises: contacting the plurality ofbarcodes with control oligonucleotides of the plurality of controlcompositions to generate barcodes hybridized to the controloligonucleotides; and extending the barcodes hybridized to the controloligonucleotides to generate the plurality of barcoded controloligonucleotides. Extending the barcodes can comprise extending thebarcodes using a DNA polymerase, a reverse transcriptase, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprisesamplifying the plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides to producea plurality of amplicons. Amplifying the plurality of barcoded controloligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, using polymerase chainreaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcode sequence and at leasta portion of the control oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, obtainingthe sequencing data comprises obtaining sequencing data of the pluralityof amplicons. Obtaining the sequencing data can comprise sequencing theat least a portion of the barcode sequence and the at least a portion ofthe control oligonucleotide.

Disclosed herein include methods for sequencing control. In someembodiments, the method comprises: contacting one or more cells of aplurality of cells with a control composition of a plurality of controlcompositions, wherein a cell of the plurality of cells comprises aplurality of targets and a plurality of binding targets, wherein each ofthe plurality of control compositions comprises a cellular componentbinding reagent associated with a control oligonucleotide, wherein thecellular component binding reagent is capable of specifically binding toat least one of the plurality of binding targets, and wherein thecontrol oligonucleotide comprises a control barcode sequence and apseudo-target region comprising a sequence substantially complementaryto the target-binding region of at least one of the plurality ofbarcodes; barcoding the control oligonucleotides using a plurality ofbarcodes to create a plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides,wherein each of the plurality of barcodes comprises a cell labelsequence, a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), and/ora target-binding region, wherein the barcode sequences of at least twobarcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise different sequences, andwherein at least two barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise anidentical cell label sequence; obtaining sequencing data of theplurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides; determining at least onecharacteristic of the one or more cells using at least onecharacteristic of the plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides inthe sequencing data. In some embodiments, the pseudo-target regioncomprises a poly(dA) region.

In some embodiments, the control barcode sequence is at least 6nucleotides in length, 25-45 nucleotides in length, about 128nucleotides in length, at least 128 nucleotides in length, about 200-500nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof. The control particleoligonucleotide can be about 50 nucleotides in length, about 100nucleotides in length, about 200 nucleotides in length, at least 200nucleotides in length, less than about 200-300 nucleotides in length,about 500 nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof. The controlbarcode sequences of at least 2, 10, 100, 1000, or more of the pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides can be identical. At least 2, 10,100, 1000, or more of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidescan comprise different control barcode sequences.

In some embodiments, determining the at least one characteristic of theone or more cells comprises: determining the number of cell labelsequences with distinct sequences associated with the plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides in the sequencing data; anddetermining the number of the one or more cells using the number of celllabel sequences with distinct sequences associated with the plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the methodcomprises: determining single cell capture efficiency based the numberof the one or more cells determined. In some embodiments, the methodcomprises: determining single cell capture efficiency based on the ratioof the number of the one or more cells determined and the number of theplurality of cells.

In some embodiments, determining the at least one characteristic of theone or more cells can comprise: for each cell label in the sequencingdata, determining the number of barcode sequences with distinctsequences associated with the cell label and the control barcodesequence; and determining the number of the one or more cells using thenumber of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associated with thecell label and the control barcode sequence. Determining the number ofbarcode sequences with distinct sequences associated with the cell labeland the control barcode sequence comprises: for each cell label in thesequencing data, determining the number of barcode sequences with thehighest number of distinct sequences associated with the cell label andthe control barcode sequence. Determining the number of the one or morecells using the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequencesassociated with the cell label and the control barcode sequence cancomprise: generating a plot of the number of barcode sequences with thehighest number of distinct sequences with the number of cell labels inthe sequencing data associated with the number of barcode sequences withthe highest number of distinct sequences; and determining a cutoff inthe plot as the number of the one or more cells.

In some embodiments, the control oligonucleotide is not homologous togenomic sequences of any of the plurality of cells. The controloligonucleotide can be homologous to genomic sequences of a species. Thespecies can be a non-mammalian species. The non-mammalian species can bea phage species. The phage species can be T7 phage, a PhiX phage, or acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: releasing the controloligonucleotide from the cellular component binding reagent prior tobarcoding the control oligonucleotides. At least one of the plurality ofbinding targets can be expressed on a cell surface. At least one of theplurality of binding targets can comprise a cell-surface protein, a cellmarker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, a major histocompatibilitycomplex, a tumor antigen, a receptor, an integrin, or any combinationthereof. The cellular component binding reagent can comprise a cellsurface binding reagent, an antibody, a tetramer, an aptamers, a proteinscaffold, an invasion, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, binding target of the cellular component bindingreagent is selected from a group comprising 10-100 different bindingtargets. A binding target of the cellular component binding reagent cancomprise a carbohydrate, a lipid, a protein, an extracellular protein, acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, areceptor, an integrin, an intracellular protein, or any combinationthereof. The control oligonucleotide can be conjugated to the cellularcomponent binding reagent through a linker. The control oligonucleotidecan comprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the first cellularcomponent binding reagent. The chemical group can comprise a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfidelinkage, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cellular component binding reagent can beassociated with two or more control oligonucleotides with an identicalcontrol barcode sequence. The cellular component binding reagent can beassociated with two or more control oligonucleotides with differentidentical control barcode sequences. In some embodiments, a secondcellular component binding reagent of the plurality of controlcompositions is not associated with the control oligonucleotide. Thecellular component binding reagent and the second cellular componentbinding reagent can be identical.

In some embodiments, the barcode comprises a binding site for auniversal primer. In some embodiments, the target-binding regioncomprises a poly(dT) region.

In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes is associated with abarcoding particle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodescan be immobilized on the barcoding particle. At least one barcode ofthe plurality of barcodes can be partially immobilized on the barcodingparticle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can beenclosed in the barcoding particle. At least one barcode of theplurality of barcodes can be partially enclosed in the barcodingparticle. The barcoding particle can be disruptable. The barcodingparticle can be a barcoding bead. In some embodiments, the barcodingbead comprises a Sepharose bead, a streptavidin bead, an agarose bead, amagnetic bead, a conjugated bead, a protein A conjugated bead, a proteinG conjugated bead, a protein A/G conjugated bead, a protein L conjugatedbead, an oligo(dT) conjugated bead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead,an anti-biotin microbead, an anti-fluorochrome microbead, or anycombination thereof. The barcoding particle can comprise a material ofpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose,gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene,acrylic polymer, titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone,or any combination thereof. The barcoding particle can comprise adisruptable hydrogel particle. The barcoding particle can be associatedwith an optical moiety.

In some embodiments, the control oligonucleotide can be associated withan optical moiety. In some embodiments, the barcodes of the barcodingparticle comprise barcode sequences selected from at least 1000, 10000,or more different barcode sequences. In some embodiments, the barcodesequences of the barcodes comprise random sequences. The barcodingparticle can comprise at least 10000 barcodes.

In some embodiments, barcoding the control oligonucleotides comprises:barcoding the control oligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes tocreate a plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides Barcoding theplurality of control oligonucleotides using the plurality of barcodescan comprise: contacting the plurality of barcodes with controloligonucleotides of the plurality of control compositions to generatebarcodes hybridized to the control oligonucleotides; and extending thebarcodes hybridized to the control oligonucleotides to generate theplurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides. Extending the barcodescan comprise extending the barcodes using a DNA polymerase, a reversetranscriptase, or a combination thereof. In some embodiment, the methodcomprises amplifying the plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotidesto produce a plurality of amplicons. Amplifying the plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, usingpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcodesequence and at least a portion of the control oligonucleotide.Obtaining the sequencing data can comprise obtaining sequencing data ofthe plurality of amplicons. Obtaining the sequencing data can comprisesequencing the at least a portion of the barcode sequence and the atleast a portion of the control oligonucleotide.

Disclosed herein are methods for sequencing control. In someembodiments, the method comprises: contacting one or more cells of aplurality of cells with a control composition of a plurality of controlcompositions, wherein a cell of the plurality of cells comprises aplurality of targets and a plurality of protein targets, wherein each ofthe plurality of control compositions comprises a protein bindingreagent associated with a control oligonucleotide, wherein the proteinbinding reagent is capable of specifically binding to at least one ofthe plurality of protein targets, and wherein the controloligonucleotide comprises a control barcode sequence and a pseudo-targetregion comprising a sequence substantially complementary to thetarget-binding region of at least one of the plurality of barcodes; anddetermining at least one characteristic of the one or more cells usingat least one characteristic of the plurality of controloligonucleotides. The pseudo-target region can comprise a poly(dA)region.

In some embodiments, the control barcode sequence is at least 6nucleotides in length, 25-45 nucleotides in length, about 128nucleotides in length, at least 128 nucleotides in length, about 200-500nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof. The control particleoligonucleotide can be about 50 nucleotides in length, about 100nucleotides in length, about 200 nucleotides in length, at least 200nucleotides in length, less than about 200-300 nucleotides in length,about 500 nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof. The controlbarcode sequences of at least 2, 10, 100, 1000, or more of the pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides can be identical. At least 2, 10,100, 1000, or more of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidescan comprise different control barcode sequences.

In some embodiments, determining the at least one characteristic of theone or more cells comprises: determining the number of cell labelsequences with distinct sequences associated with the plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides in the sequencing data; anddetermining the number of the one or more cells using the number of celllabel sequences with distinct sequences associated with the plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides. The method can comprise: determiningsingle cell capture efficiency based the number of the one or more cellsdetermined. The method can comprise: comprising determining single cellcapture efficiency based on the ratio of the number of the one or morecells determined and the number of the plurality of cells.

In some embodiments, determining the at least one characteristic of theone or more cells using the characteristics of the plurality of barcodedcontrol oligonucleotides in the sequencing data comprises: for each celllabel in the sequencing data, determining the number of barcodesequences with distinct sequences associated with the cell label and thecontrol barcode sequence; and determining the number of the one or morecells using the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequencesassociated with the cell label and the control barcode sequence.Determining the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequencesassociated with the cell label and the control barcode sequence cancomprise: for each cell label in the sequencing data, determining thenumber of barcode sequences with the highest number of distinctsequences associated with the cell label and the control barcodesequence. Determining the number of the one or more cells using thenumber of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associated with thecell label and the control barcode sequence can comprise: generating aplot of the number of barcode sequences with the highest number ofdistinct sequences with the number of cell labels in the sequencing dataassociated with the number of barcode sequences with the highest numberof distinct sequences; and determining a cutoff in the plot as thenumber of the one or more cells.

In some embodiments, the control oligonucleotide is not homologous togenomic sequences of any of the plurality of cells. The controloligonucleotide can be homologous to genomic sequences of a species. Thespecies can be a non-mammalian species. The non-mammalian species can bea phage species. The phage species can be T7 phage, a PhiX phage, or acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises releasing the controloligonucleotide from the protein binding reagent prior to barcoding thecontrol oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the method comprisesremoving unbound control compositions of the plurality of controlcompositions. Removing the unbound control compositions can comprisewashing the one or more cells of the plurality of cells with a washingbuffer. Removing the unbound cell identification compositions cancomprise selecting cells bound to at least one protein binding reagentof the control composition using flow cytometry.

In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of protein targets ison a cell surface. At least one of the plurality of protein targets cancomprise a cell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, aT-cell receptor, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, areceptor, an integrin, or any combination thereof. The protein bindingreagent can comprise an antibody. The control oligonucleotide can beconjugated to the protein binding reagent through a linker. The controloligonucleotide can comprise the linker. The linker can comprise achemical group. The chemical group can be reversibly attached to thefirst protein binding reagent. The chemical group can comprise a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfidelinkage, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the protein binding reagent is associated with twoor more control oligonucleotides with an identical control barcodesequence. The protein binding reagent can be associated with two or morecontrol oligonucleotides with different identical control barcodesequences. In some embodiments, a second protein binding reagent of theplurality of control compositions is not associated with the controloligonucleotide. The protein binding reagent and the second proteinbinding reagent can be identical.

In some embodiments, the barcode comprises a binding site for auniversal primer. The target-binding region can comprise a poly(dT)region. In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes is associatedwith a barcoding particle. At least one barcode of the plurality ofbarcodes can be immobilized on the barcoding particle. At least onebarcode of the plurality of barcodes can be partially immobilized on thebarcoding particle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodes isenclosed in the barcoding particle. At least one barcode of theplurality of barcodes is partially enclosed in the barcoding particle.The barcoding particle can be disruptable. The barcoding particle can bea barcoding bead. The barcoding bead can comprise a Sepharose bead, astreptavidin bead, an agarose bead, a magnetic bead, a conjugated bead,a protein A conjugated bead, a protein G conjugated bead, a protein A/Gconjugated bead, a protein L conjugated bead, an oligo(dT) conjugatedbead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, ananti-fluorochrome microbead, or any combination thereof. The barcodingparticle can comprise a material of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS),polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose, gelatin, hydrogel,paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene, acrylic polymer,titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone, or anycombination thereof. The barcoding particle can comprise a disruptablehydrogel particle.

In some embodiments, the barcoding particle is associated with anoptical moiety. The control oligonucleotide can be associated with anoptical moiety.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: barcoding the controloligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes to create a plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides, wherein each of the plurality ofbarcodes comprises a cell label sequence, a barcode sequence, and/or atarget-binding region, wherein the barcode sequences of at least twobarcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise different sequences, andwherein at least two barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise anidentical cell label sequence; and obtaining sequencing data of theplurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides;

In some embodiments, the barcodes of the barcoding particle comprisebarcode sequences selected from at least 1000, 10000, or more differentbarcode sequences. In some embodiments, the barcode sequences of thebarcodes comprise random sequences. In some embodiments, the barcodingparticle comprises at least 10000 barcodes.

In some embodiments, barcoding the control oligonucleotides comprises:barcoding the control oligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes tocreate a plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides. In someembodiments, barcoding the plurality of control oligonucleotides usingthe plurality of barcodes comprises: contacting the plurality ofbarcodes with control oligonucleotides of the plurality of controlcompositions to generate barcodes hybridized to the controloligonucleotides; and extending the barcodes hybridized to the controloligonucleotides to generate the plurality of barcoded controloligonucleotides. Extending the barcodes can comprise extending thebarcodes using a DNA polymerase, a reverse transcriptase, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprisesamplifying the plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides to producea plurality of amplicons. Amplifying the plurality of barcoded controloligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, using polymerase chainreaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcode sequence and at leasta portion of the control oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, obtainingthe sequencing data comprises obtaining sequencing data of the pluralityof amplicons. Obtaining the sequencing data can comprise sequencing theat least a portion of the barcode sequence and the at least a portion ofthe control oligonucleotide.

Disclosed herein includes methods for cell identification. In someembodiments, the method comprises: contacting a first plurality of cellsand a second plurality of cells with two cell identificationcompositions respectively, wherein each of the first plurality of cellsand each of the second plurality of cells comprise one or more antigentargets, wherein each of the two cell identification compositionscomprises an antigen binding reagent associated with a cellidentification oligonucleotide, wherein the antigen binding reagent iscapable of specifically binding to at least one of the one or moreantigen targets, wherein the cell identification oligonucleotidecomprises a cell identification sequence, and wherein cellidentification sequences of the two cell identification compositionscomprise different sequences; barcoding the cell identificationoligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes to create a plurality ofbarcoded cell identification oligonucleotides, wherein each of theplurality of barcodes comprises a cell label sequence, a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), and/or a target-bindingregion, wherein the barcode sequences of at least two barcodes of theplurality of barcodes comprise different sequences, and wherein at leasttwo barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise an identical celllabel sequence; obtaining sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedcell identification oligonucleotides; and identifying a cell labelsequence associated with two or more cell identification sequences inthe sequencing data obtained; and removing sequencing data associatedwith the cell label sequence from the sequencing data obtained and/orexcluding the sequencing data associated with the cell label sequencefrom subsequent analysis. In some embodiments, the cell identificationoligonucleotide comprises a barcode sequence, a binding site for auniversal primer, or a combination thereof.

Disclosed herein includes methods for multiplet identification. In someembodiments, the method comprises: contacting a first plurality of cellsand a second plurality of cells with two cell identificationcompositions respectively, wherein each of the first plurality of cellsand each of the second plurality of cells comprise one or more antigentargets, wherein each of the two cell identification compositionscomprises an antigen binding reagent associated with a cellidentification oligonucleotide, wherein the antigen binding reagent iscapable of specifically binding to at least one of the one or moreantigen targets, wherein the cell identification oligonucleotidecomprises a cell identification sequence, and wherein cellidentification sequences of the two cell identification compositionscomprise different sequences; barcoding the cell identificationoligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes to create a plurality ofbarcoded cell identification oligonucleotides, wherein each of theplurality of barcodes comprises a cell label sequence, a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), and/or a target-bindingregion, wherein the barcode sequences of at least two barcodes of theplurality of barcodes comprise different sequences, and wherein at leasttwo barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise an identical celllabel sequence; obtaining sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedcell identification oligonucleotides; and identifying one or moremultiplet cell label sequences that is each associated with two or morecell identification sequences in the sequencing data obtained. In someembodiments, the method comprises: removing the sequencing dataassociated with the one or more multiplet cell label sequences from thesequencing data obtained and/or excluding the sequencing data associatedwith the one or more multiplet cell label sequences from subsequentanalysis. In some embodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotidecomprises a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), abinding site for a universal primer, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, contacting the first plurality of cells and thesecond plurality of cells with the two cell identification compositionsrespectively comprises: contacting the first plurality of cells with afirst cell identification compositions of the two cell identificationcompositions; and contacting the first plurality of cells with a secondcell identification compositions of the two cell identificationcompositions.

In some embodiments, the cell identification sequence is at least 6nucleotides in length, 25-60 nucleotides in length (e.g., 45 nucleotidesin length), about 128 nucleotides in length, at least 128 nucleotides inlength, about 200-500 nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof.The cell identification oligonucleotide can be about 50 nucleotides inlength, about 100 nucleotides in length, about 200 nucleotides inlength, at least 200 nucleotides in length, less than about 200-300nucleotides in length, about 500 nucleotides in length, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, cell identification sequences of at least10, 100, 1000, or more cell identification compositions of the pluralityof cell identification compositions comprise different sequences.

In some embodiments, the antigen binding reagent comprises an antibody,a tetramer, an aptamers, a protein scaffold, or a combination thereof.The cell identification oligonucleotide can be conjugated to the antigenbinding reagent through a linker. The oligonucleotide can comprise thelinker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. The chemical group canbe reversibly or irreversibly attached to the antigen binding reagent.The chemical group can comprise a UV photocleavable group, a disulfidebond, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfide linkage or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, at least one of the first plurality of cells andthe second plurality of cells comprises single cells. The at least oneof the one or more antigen targets can be on a cell surface.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: removing unbound cellidentification compositions of the two cell identification compositions.Removing the unbound cell identification compositions can comprisewashing cells of the first plurality of cells and the second pluralityof cells with a washing buffer. Removing the unbound cell identificationcompositions can comprise selecting cells bound to at least one antigenbinding reagent of the two cell identification compositions using flowcytometry. In some embodiments, the method comprises: lysing one or morecells of the first plurality of cells and the second plurality of cells.

In some embodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotide isconfigured to be detachable or non-detachable from the antigen bindingreagent. The method can comprise detaching the cell identificationoligonucleotide from the antigen binding reagent. Detaching the cellidentification oligonucleotide can comprise detaching the cellidentification oligonucleotide from the antigen binding reagent by UVphotocleaving, chemical treatment (e.g., using reducing reagent, such asdithiothreitol), heating, enzyme treatment, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotide is nothomologous to genomic sequences of any of the one or more cells. Thecontrol barcode sequence may be not homologous to genomic sequences of aspecies. The species can be a non-mammalian species. The non-mammalianspecies can be a phage species. The phage species is T7 phage, a PhiXphage, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the first plurality of cells and the secondplurality of cells comprise a tumor cells, a mammalian cell, a bacterialcell, a viral cell, a yeast cell, a fungal cell, or any combinationthereof. The cell identification oligonucleotide can comprise a sequencecomplementary to a capture sequence of at least one barcode of theplurality of barcodes. The barcode can comprise a target-binding regionwhich comprises the capture sequence. The target-binding region cancomprise a poly(dT) region. The sequence of the cell identificationoligonucleotide complementary to the capture sequence of the barcode cancomprise a poly(dA) region.

In some embodiments, the antigen target comprises an extracellularprotein, an intracellular protein, or any combination thereof. Theantigen target can comprise a cell-surface protein, a cell marker, aB-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, a major histocompatibility complex,a tumor antigen, a receptor, an integrin, or any combination thereof.The antigen target can comprise a lipid, a carbohydrate, or anycombination thereof. The antigen target can be selected from a groupcomprising 10-100 different antigen targets.

In some embodiments, the antigen binding reagent is associated with twoor more cell identification oligonucleotides with an identical sequence.The antigen binding reagent can be associated with two or more cellidentification oligonucleotides with different cell identificationsequences. The cell identification composition of the plurality of cellidentification compositions can comprise a second antigen bindingreagent not conjugated with the cell identification oligonucleotide. Theantigen binding reagent and the second antigen binding reagent can beidentical.

In some embodiments, a barcode of the plurality of barcodes comprises atarget-binding region and a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence), and barcode sequences of at least two barcodes of theplurality of barcodes comprise different molecule label sequences. Thebarcode can comprise a cell label sequence, a binding site for auniversal primer, or any combination thereof. The target-binding regioncan comprise a poly(dT) region.

In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes can be associated with aparticle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can beimmobilized on the particle. At least one barcode of the plurality ofbarcodes can be partially immobilized on the particle. At least onebarcode of the plurality of barcodes can be enclosed in the particle. Atleast one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can be partially enclosedin the particle. The particle can be disruptable. The particle can be abead. The bead can comprise a Sepharose bead, a streptavidin bead, anagarose bead, a magnetic bead, a conjugated bead, a protein A conjugatedbead, a protein G conjugated bead, a protein A/G conjugated bead, aprotein L conjugated bead, an oligo(dT) conjugated bead, a silica bead,a silica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, an anti-fluorochromemicrobead, or any combination thereof. The particle can comprise amaterial selected from the group consisting ofpolydimethylsiloxane/(PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose,gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene,acrylic polymer, titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone,and any combination thereof. The particle can comprise a disruptablehydrogel particle.

In some embodiments, the antigen binding reagent is associated with adetectable moiety. In some embodiments, the particle is associated witha detectable moiety. The cell identification oligonucleotide isassociated with an optical moiety. In some embodiments, the barcodes ofthe particle can comprise barcode sequences selected from at least 1000,10000, or more different barcode sequences. The barcode sequences of thebarcodes can comprise random sequences. The particle can comprise atleast 10000 barcodes.

In some embodiments, barcoding the cell identification oligonucleotidesusing the plurality of barcodes comprises: contacting the plurality ofbarcodes with the cell identification oligonucleotides to generatebarcodes hybridized to the cell identification oligonucleotides; andextending the barcodes hybridized to the cell identificationoligonucleotides to generate the plurality of barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides. Extending the barcodes can compriseextending the barcodes using a DNA polymerase to generate the pluralityof barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides. Extending the barcodescan comprise extending the barcodes using a reverse transcriptase togenerate the plurality of barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: amplifying the plurality ofbarcoded cell identification oligonucleotides to produce a plurality ofamplicons. Amplifying the plurality of barcoded cell identificationoligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, using polymerase chainreaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcode sequence and at leasta portion of the cell identification oligonucleotide. In someembodiments, obtaining the sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedcell identification oligonucleotides can comprise obtaining sequencingdata of the plurality of amplicons. Obtaining the sequencing datacomprises sequencing at least a portion of the barcode sequence and atleast a portion of the cell identification oligonucleotide. In someembodiments, identifying the sample origin of the at least one cellcomprises identifying sample origin of the plurality of barcoded targetsbased on the cell identification sequence of the at least one barcodedcell identification oligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, barcoding the cell identification oligonucleotidesusing the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality of barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides comprises stochastically barcoding thecell identification oligonucleotides using a plurality of stochasticbarcodes to create a plurality of stochastically barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: barcoding a plurality oftargets of the cell using the plurality of barcodes to create aplurality of barcoded targets, wherein each of the plurality of barcodescomprises a cell label sequence, and wherein at least two barcodes ofthe plurality of barcodes comprise an identical cell label sequence; andobtaining sequencing data of the barcoded targets. Barcoding theplurality of targets using the plurality of barcodes to create theplurality of barcoded targets can comprise: contacting copies of thetargets with target-binding regions of the barcodes; and reversetranscribing the plurality targets using the plurality of barcodes tocreate a plurality of reverse transcribed targets.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: prior to obtaining thesequencing data of the plurality of barcoded targets, amplifying thebarcoded targets to create a plurality of amplified barcoded targets.Amplifying the barcoded targets to generate the plurality of amplifiedbarcoded targets can comprise: amplifying the barcoded targets bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR). Barcoding the plurality of targets ofthe cell using the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality ofbarcoded targets can comprise stochastically barcoding the plurality oftargets of the cell using a plurality of stochastic barcodes to create aplurality of stochastically barcoded targets.

Disclosed herein includes methods for cell identification. In someembodiments, the method comprises: contacting a first plurality of cellsand a second plurality of cells with two cell identificationcompositions respectively, wherein each of the first plurality of cellsand each of the second plurality of cells comprise one or more cellularcomponent targets, wherein each of the two cell identificationcompositions comprises a cellular component binding reagent associatedwith a cell identification oligonucleotide, wherein the cellularcomponent binding reagent is capable of specifically binding to at leastone of the one or more cellular component targets, wherein the cellidentification oligonucleotide comprises a cell identification sequence,and wherein cell identification sequences of the two cell identificationcompositions of the plurality of cell identification compositionscomprise different sequences; barcoding the cell identificationoligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes to create a plurality ofbarcoded cell identification oligonucleotides, wherein each of theplurality of barcodes comprises a cell label sequence, a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), and/or a target-bindingregion, wherein the barcode sequences of at least two barcodes of theplurality of barcodes comprise different sequences, and wherein at leasttwo barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise an identical celllabel sequence; obtaining sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedcell identification oligonucleotides; identifying one or more cell labelsequences that is each associated with two or more cell identificationsequences in the sequencing data obtained; and removing the sequencingdata associated with the one or more cell label sequences that is eachassociated with two or more cell identification sequences from thesequencing data obtained and/or excluding the sequencing data associatedwith the one or more cell label sequences that is each associated withtwo or more cell identification sequences from subsequent analysis. Insome embodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotide comprises abarcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), a binding site fora universal primer, or a combination thereof.

Disclosed herein includes methods for multiplet identification. In someembodiments, the method comprises: contacting a first plurality of cellsand a second plurality of cells with two cell identificationcompositions respectively, wherein each of the first plurality of cellsand each of the second plurality of cells comprise one or more cellularcomponent targets, wherein each of the two cell identificationcompositions comprises a cellular component binding reagent associatedwith a cell identification oligonucleotide, wherein the cellularcomponent binding reagent is capable of specifically binding to at leastone of the one or more cellular component targets, wherein the cellidentification oligonucleotide comprises a cell identification sequence,and wherein cell identification sequences of the two cell identificationcompositions of the plurality of cell identification compositionscomprise different sequences; barcoding the cell identificationoligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes to create a plurality ofbarcoded cell identification oligonucleotides, wherein each of theplurality of barcodes comprises a cell label sequence, a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), and/or a target-bindingregion, wherein the barcode sequences of at least two barcodes of theplurality of barcodes comprise different sequences, and wherein at leasttwo barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise an identical celllabel sequence; obtaining sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedcell identification oligonucleotides; identifying one or more multipletcell label sequences that is each associated with two or more cellidentification sequences in the sequencing data obtained. In someembodiments, the method comprises: removing the sequencing dataassociated with the one or more multiplet cell label sequences from thesequencing data obtained and/or excluding the sequencing data associatedwith the one or more multiplet cell label sequences from subsequentanalysis. In some embodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotidecomprises a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), abinding site for a universal primer, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, contacting the first plurality of cells and thesecond plurality of cells with the two cell identification compositionsrespectively comprises: contacting the first plurality of cells with afirst cell identification compositions of the two cell identificationcompositions; and contacting the first plurality of cells with a secondcell identification compositions of the two cell identificationcompositions.

In some embodiments, the cell identification sequence is at least 6nucleotides in length, 25-60 nucleotides in length (e.g., 45 nucleotidesin length), about 128 nucleotides in length, at least 128 nucleotides inlength, about 200-500 nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof.The cell identification oligonucleotide can be about 50 nucleotides inlength, about 100 nucleotides in length, about 200 nucleotides inlength, at least 200 nucleotides in length, less than about 200-300nucleotides in length, about 500 nucleotides in length, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, cell identification sequences of at least10, 100, 1000, or more cell identification compositions of the pluralityof cell identification compositions comprise different sequences.

In some embodiments, the cellular component binding reagent comprises anantibody, a tetramer, an aptamers, a protein scaffold, or a combinationthereof. The cell identification oligonucleotide can be conjugated tothe cellular component binding reagent through a linker. Theoligonucleotide can comprise the linker. The linker can comprise achemical group. The chemical group can be reversibly or irreversiblyattached to the cellular component binding reagent. The chemical groupcan comprise a UV photocleavable group, a disulfide bond, astreptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfide linkage or any combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, at least one of the first plurality of cells andthe second plurality of cells comprises a single cell. The at least oneof the one or more cellular component targets can be on a cell surface.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: removing unbound cellidentification compositions of the two cell identification compositions.Removing the unbound cell identification compositions can comprisewashing cells of the first plurality of cells and the second pluralityof cells with a washing buffer. Removing the unbound cell identificationcompositions can comprise selecting cells bound to at least one cellularcomponent binding reagent of the two cell identification compositionsusing flow cytometry. In some embodiments, the method comprises: lysingone or more cells of the first plurality of cells and the secondplurality of cells.

In some embodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotide isconfigured to be detachable or non-detachable from the cellularcomponent binding reagent. The method can comprise detaching the cellidentification oligonucleotide from the cellular component bindingreagent. Detaching the cell identification oligonucleotide can comprisedetaching the cell identification oligonucleotide from the cellularcomponent binding reagent by UV photocleaving, chemical treatment (e.g.,using reducing reagent, such as dithiothreitol), heating, enzymetreatment, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotide is nothomologous to genomic sequences of any of the one or more cells. Thecontrol barcode sequence may be not homologous to genomic sequences of aspecies. The species can be a non-mammalian species. The non-mammalianspecies can be a phage species. The phage species is T7 phage, a PhiXphage, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the first plurality of cells and the secondplurality of cells comprise a tumor cell, a mammalian cell, a bacterialcell, a viral cell, a yeast cell, a fungal cell, or any combinationthereof. The cell identification oligonucleotide can comprise a sequencecomplementary to a capture sequence of at least one barcode of theplurality of barcodes. The barcode can comprise a target-binding regionwhich comprises the capture sequence. The target-binding region cancomprise a poly(dT) region. The sequence of the cell identificationoligonucleotide complementary to the capture sequence of the barcode cancomprise a poly(dA) region.

In some embodiments, the antigen target comprises an extracellularprotein, an intracellular protein, or any combination thereof. Theantigen target can comprise a cell-surface protein, a cell marker, aB-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, a major histocompatibility complex,a tumor antigen, a receptor, an integrin, or any combination thereof.The antigen target can comprise a lipid, a carbohydrate, or anycombination thereof. The antigen target can be selected from a groupcomprising 10-100 different antigen targets.

In some embodiments, the cellular component binding reagent isassociated with two or more cell identification oligonucleotides with anidentical sequence. The cellular component binding reagent can beassociated with two or more cell identification oligonucleotides withdifferent cell identification sequences. The cell identificationcomposition of the plurality of cell identification compositions cancomprise a second cellular component binding reagent not conjugated withthe cell identification oligonucleotide. The cellular component bindingreagent and the second cellular component binding reagent can beidentical.

In some embodiments, a barcode of the plurality of barcodes comprises atarget-binding region and a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence), and barcode sequences of at least two barcodes of theplurality of barcodes comprise different molecule label sequences. Thebarcode can comprise a cell label sequence, a binding site for auniversal primer, or any combination thereof. The target-binding regioncan comprise a poly(dT) region.

In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes can be associated with aparticle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can beimmobilized on the particle. At least one barcode of the plurality ofbarcodes can be partially immobilized on the particle. At least onebarcode of the plurality of barcodes can be enclosed in the particle. Atleast one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can be partially enclosedin the particle. The particle can be disruptable. The particle can be abead. The bead can comprise a Sepharose bead, a streptavidin bead, anagarose bead, a magnetic bead, a conjugated bead, a protein A conjugatedbead, a protein G conjugated bead, a protein A/G conjugated bead, aprotein L conjugated bead, an oligo(dT) conjugated bead, a silica bead,a silica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, an anti-fluorochromemicrobead, or any combination thereof. The particle can comprise amaterial selected from the group consisting of polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose, gelatin, hydrogel,paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene, acrylic polymer,titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone, and anycombination thereof. The particle can comprise a disruptable hydrogelparticle.

In some embodiments, the cellular component binding reagent isassociated with a detectable moiety. In some embodiments, the particleis associated with a detectable moiety. The cell identificationoligonucleotide is associated with an optical moiety.

In some embodiments, the barcodes of the particle can comprise barcodesequences selected from at least 1000, 10000, or more different barcodesequences. The barcode sequences of the barcodes can comprise randomsequences. The particle can comprise at least 10000 barcodes.

In some embodiments, barcoding the cell identification oligonucleotidesusing the plurality of barcodes comprises: contacting the plurality ofbarcodes with the cell identification oligonucleotides to generatebarcodes hybridized to the cell identification oligonucleotides; andextending the barcodes hybridized to the cell identificationoligonucleotides to generate the plurality of barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides. Extending the barcodes can compriseextending the barcodes using a DNA polymerase to generate the pluralityof barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides. Extending the barcodescan comprise extending the barcodes using a reverse transcriptase togenerate the plurality of barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: amplifying the plurality ofbarcoded cell identification oligonucleotides to produce a plurality ofamplicons. Amplifying the plurality of barcoded cell identificationoligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, using polymerase chainreaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcode sequence and at leasta portion of the cell identification oligonucleotide. In someembodiments, obtaining the sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedcell identification oligonucleotides can comprise obtaining sequencingdata of the plurality of amplicons. Obtaining the sequencing datacomprises sequencing at least a portion of the barcode sequence and atleast a portion of the cell identification oligonucleotide. In someembodiments, identifying the sample origin of the at least one cellcomprises identifying sample origin of the plurality of barcoded targetsbased on the cell identification sequence of the at least one barcodedcell identification oligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, barcoding the cell identification oligonucleotidesusing the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality of barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides comprises stochastically barcoding thecell identification oligonucleotides using a plurality of stochasticbarcodes to create a plurality of stochastically barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: barcoding a plurality oftargets of the cell using the plurality of barcodes to create aplurality of barcoded targets, wherein each of the plurality of barcodescomprises a cell label sequence, and wherein at least two barcodes ofthe plurality of barcodes comprise an identical cell label sequence; andobtaining sequencing data of the barcoded targets. Barcoding theplurality of targets using the plurality of barcodes to create theplurality of barcoded targets can comprise: contacting copies of thetargets with target-binding regions of the barcodes; and reversetranscribing the plurality targets using the plurality of barcodes tocreate a plurality of reverse transcribed targets.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: prior to obtaining thesequencing data of the plurality of barcoded targets, amplifying thebarcoded targets to create a plurality of amplified barcoded targets.Amplifying the barcoded targets to generate the plurality of amplifiedbarcoded targets can comprise: amplifying the barcoded targets bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR). Barcoding the plurality of targets ofthe cell using the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality ofbarcoded targets can comprise stochastically barcoding the plurality oftargets of the cell using a plurality of stochastic barcodes to create aplurality of stochastically barcoded targets.

Disclosed herein includes methods for cell identification. In someembodiments, the method comprises: contacting one or more cells fromeach of a first plurality of cells and a second plurality of cells witha cell identification composition of a plurality of two cellidentification compositions respectively, wherein each of the firstplurality of cells and each of the second plurality of cells comprisesone or more antigen targets, wherein each of the two cell identificationcompositions comprises an antigen binding reagent associated with a cellidentification oligonucleotide, wherein the antigen binding reagent iscapable of specifically binding to at least one of the one or moreantigen targets, wherein the cell identification oligonucleotidecomprises a cell identification sequence, and wherein cellidentification sequences of the two cell identification compositionscomprise different sequences; and identifying one or more cells that iseach associated with two or more cell identification sequences. In someembodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotide comprises a barcodesequence, a binding site for a universal primer, or a combinationthereof.

Disclosed herein are methods for multiplet identification. In someembodiments, the method comprises: contacting one or more cells fromeach of a first plurality of cells and a second plurality of cells witha cell identification composition of a plurality of two cellidentification compositions respectively, wherein each of the firstplurality of cells and each of the second plurality of cells comprisesone or more antigen targets, wherein each of the two cell identificationcompositions comprises an antigen binding reagent associated with a cellidentification oligonucleotide, wherein the antigen binding reagent iscapable of specifically binding to at least one of the one or moreantigen targets, wherein the cell identification oligonucleotidecomprises a cell identification sequence, and wherein cellidentification sequences of the two cell identification compositionscomprise different sequences; and identifying one or more cells that iseach associated with two or more cell identification sequences asmultiplet cells.

In some embodiments, identifying the cells that is each associated withtwo or more cell identification sequences comprises: barcoding the cellidentification oligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes to createa plurality of barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides, whereineach of the plurality of barcodes comprises a cell label sequence, abarcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), and/or atarget-binding region, wherein the barcode sequences of at least twobarcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise different sequences, andwherein at least two barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise anidentical cell label sequence; obtaining sequencing data of theplurality of barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides; andidentifying one or more cell label sequences that is each associatedwith two or more cell identification sequences in the sequencing dataobtained. The method can comprise removing the sequencing dataassociated with the one or more cell label sequences that is eachassociated with two or more cell identification sequences from thesequencing data obtained and/or excluding the sequencing data associatedwith the one or more cell label sequences that is each associated withthe two or more cell identification sequences from subsequent analysis.

In some embodiments, contacting the first plurality of cells and thesecond plurality of cells with the two cell identification compositionsrespectively comprises: contacting the first plurality of cells with afirst cell identification compositions of the two cell identificationcompositions; and contacting the first plurality of cells with a secondcell identification compositions of the two cell identificationcompositions.

In some embodiments, the cell identification sequence is at least 6nucleotides in length, 25-60 nucleotides in length (e.g., 45 nucleotidesin length), about 128 nucleotides in length, at least 128 nucleotides inlength, about 200-500 nucleotides in length, or a combination thereof.The cell identification oligonucleotide can be about 50 nucleotides inlength, about 100 nucleotides in length, about 200 nucleotides inlength, at least 200 nucleotides in length, less than about 200-300nucleotides in length, about 500 nucleotides in length, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, cell identification sequences of at least10, 100, 1000, or more cell identification compositions of the pluralityof cell identification compositions comprise different sequences.

In some embodiments, the antigen binding reagent comprises an antibody,a tetramer, an aptamers, a protein scaffold, or a combination thereof.The cell identification oligonucleotide can be conjugated to the antigenbinding reagent through a linker. The oligonucleotide can comprise thelinker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. The chemical group canbe reversibly or irreversibly attached to the antigen binding reagent.The chemical group can comprise a UV photocleavable group, a disulfidebond, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfide linkage or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, at least one of the first plurality of cells andthe second plurality of cells comprises single cells. The at least oneof the one or more antigen targets can be on a cell surface. In someembodiments, the method comprises: removing unbound cell identificationcompositions of the two cell identification compositions. Removing theunbound cell identification compositions can comprise washing cells ofthe first plurality of cells and the second plurality of cells with awashing buffer. Removing the unbound cell identification compositionscan comprise selecting cells bound to at least one antigen bindingreagent of the two cell identification compositions using flowcytometry. In some embodiments, the method comprises: lysing one or morecells of the first plurality of cells and the second plurality of cells.

In some embodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotide isconfigured to be detachable or non-detachable from the antigen bindingreagent. The method can comprise detaching the cell identificationoligonucleotide from the antigen binding reagent. Detaching the cellidentification oligonucleotide can comprise detaching the cellidentification oligonucleotide from the antigen binding reagent by UVphotocleaving, chemical treatment (e.g., using reducing reagent, such asdithiothreitol), heating, enzyme treatment, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotide is nothomologous to genomic sequences of any of the one or more cells. Thecontrol barcode sequence may be not homologous to genomic sequences of aspecies. The species can be a non-mammalian species. The non-mammalianspecies can be a phage species. The phage species is T7 phage, a PhiXphage, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the first plurality of cells and the secondplurality of cells comprise a tumor cells, a mammalian cell, a bacterialcell, a viral cell, a yeast cell, a fungal cell, or any combinationthereof. The cell identification oligonucleotide can comprise a sequencecomplementary to a capture sequence of at least one barcode of theplurality of barcodes. The barcode can comprise a target-binding regionwhich comprises the capture sequence. The target-binding region cancomprise a poly(dT) region. The sequence of the cell identificationoligonucleotide complementary to the capture sequence of the barcode cancomprise a poly(dA) region.

In some embodiments, the antigen target comprises an extracellularprotein, an intracellular protein, or any combination thereof. Theantigen target can comprise a cell-surface protein, a cell marker, aB-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, a major histocompatibility complex,a tumor antigen, a receptor, an integrin, or any combination thereof.The antigen target can comprise a lipid, a carbohydrate, or anycombination thereof. The antigen target can be selected from a groupcomprising 10-100 different antigen targets.

In some embodiments, the antigen binding reagent is associated with twoor more cell identification oligonucleotides with an identical sequence.The antigen binding reagent can be associated with two or more cellidentification oligonucleotides with different cell identificationsequences. The cell identification composition of the plurality of cellidentification compositions can comprise a second antigen bindingreagent not conjugated with the cell identification oligonucleotide. Theantigen binding reagent and the second antigen binding reagent can beidentical.

In some embodiments, a barcode of the plurality of barcodes comprises atarget-binding region and a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence), and barcode sequences of at least two barcodes of theplurality of barcodes comprise different molecule label sequences. Thebarcode can comprise a cell label sequence, a binding site for auniversal primer, or any combination thereof. The target-binding regioncan comprise a poly(dT) region.

In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes can be associated with aparticle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can beimmobilized on the particle. At least one barcode of the plurality ofbarcodes can be partially immobilized on the particle. At least onebarcode of the plurality of barcodes can be enclosed in the particle. Atleast one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can be partially enclosedin the particle. The particle can be disruptable. The particle can be abead. The bead can comprise a Sepharose bead, a streptavidin bead, anagarose bead, a magnetic bead, a conjugated bead, a protein A conjugatedbead, a protein G conjugated bead, a protein A/G conjugated bead, aprotein L conjugated bead, an oligo(dT) conjugated bead, a silica bead,a silica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, an anti-fluorochromemicrobead, or any combination thereof. The particle can comprise amaterial selected from the group consisting of polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose, gelatin, hydrogel,paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene, acrylic polymer,titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone, and anycombination thereof. The particle can comprise a disruptable hydrogelparticle.

In some embodiments, the antigen binding reagent is associated with adetectable moiety. In some embodiments, the particle is associated witha detectable moiety. The cell identification oligonucleotide isassociated with an optical moiety.

In some embodiments, the barcodes of the particle can comprise barcodesequences selected from at least 1000, 10000, or more different barcodesequences. The barcode sequences of the barcodes can comprise randomsequences. The particle can comprise at least 10000 barcodes.

In some embodiments, barcoding the cell identification oligonucleotidesusing the plurality of barcodes comprises: contacting the plurality ofbarcodes with the cell identification oligonucleotides to generatebarcodes hybridized to the cell identification oligonucleotides; andextending the barcodes hybridized to the cell identificationoligonucleotides to generate the plurality of barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides. Extending the barcodes can compriseextending the barcodes using a DNA polymerase to generate the pluralityof barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides. Extending the barcodescan comprise extending the barcodes using a reverse transcriptase togenerate the plurality of barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: amplifying the plurality ofbarcoded cell identification oligonucleotides to produce a plurality ofamplicons. Amplifying the plurality of barcoded cell identificationoligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, using polymerase chainreaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcode sequence and at leasta portion of the cell identification oligonucleotide. In someembodiments, obtaining the sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedcell identification oligonucleotides can comprise obtaining sequencingdata of the plurality of amplicons. Obtaining the sequencing datacomprises sequencing at least a portion of the barcode sequence and atleast a portion of the cell identification oligonucleotide. In someembodiments, identifying the sample origin of the at least one cellcomprises identifying sample origin of the plurality of barcoded targetsbased on the cell identification sequence of the at least one barcodedcell identification oligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, barcoding the cell identification oligonucleotidesusing the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality of barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides comprises stochastically barcoding thecell identification oligonucleotides using a plurality of stochasticbarcodes to create a plurality of stochastically barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: barcoding a plurality oftargets of the cell using the plurality of barcodes to create aplurality of barcoded targets, wherein each of the plurality of barcodescomprises a cell label sequence, and wherein at least two barcodes ofthe plurality of barcodes comprise an identical cell label sequence; andobtaining sequencing data of the barcoded targets. Barcoding theplurality of targets using the plurality of barcodes to create theplurality of barcoded targets can comprise: contacting copies of thetargets with target-binding regions of the barcodes; and reversetranscribing the plurality targets using the plurality of barcodes tocreate a plurality of reverse transcribed targets.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: prior to obtaining thesequencing data of the plurality of barcoded targets, amplifying thebarcoded targets to create a plurality of amplified barcoded targets.Amplifying the barcoded targets to generate the plurality of amplifiedbarcoded targets can comprise: amplifying the barcoded targets bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR). Barcoding the plurality of targets ofthe cell using the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality ofbarcoded targets can comprise stochastically barcoding the plurality oftargets of the cell using a plurality of stochastic barcodes to create aplurality of stochastically barcoded targets.

Disclosed herein are methods for determining protein-proteininteractions. In some embodiments, the method comprises: contacting acell with a first pair of interaction determination compositions,wherein the cell comprises a first protein target and a second proteintarget, wherein each of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions comprises a protein binding reagent associated with aninteraction determination oligonucleotide, wherein the protein bindingreagent of one of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions is capable of specifically binding to the first proteintarget and the protein binding reagent of the other of the first pair ofinteraction determination compositions is capable of specificallybinding to the second protein target, and wherein the interactiondetermination oligonucleotide comprises an interaction determinationsequence and a bridge oligonucleotide hybridization region, and whereinthe interaction determination sequences of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions comprise different sequences; ligating theinteraction determination oligonucleotides of the first pair ofinteraction determination compositions using a bridge oligonucleotide togenerate a ligated interaction determination oligonucleotide, whereinthe bridge oligonucleotide comprises two hybridization regions capableof specifically binding to the bridge oligonucleotide hybridizationregions of the first pair of interaction determination compositions;barcoding the ligated interaction determination oligonucleotide using aplurality of barcodes to create a plurality of barcoded interactiondetermination oligonucleotides, wherein each of the plurality ofbarcodes comprises a barcode sequence and a capture sequence; obtainingsequencing data of the plurality of barcoded interaction determinationoligonucleotides; and determining an interaction between the first andsecond protein targets based on the association of the interactiondetermination sequences of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions in the obtained sequencing data.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: contacting a cell with afirst pair of interaction determination compositions, wherein the cellcomprises a first cellular component target and a second cellularcomponent target, wherein each of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions comprises a cellular component bindingreagent associated with an interaction determination oligonucleotide,wherein the cellular component binding reagent of one of the first pairof interaction determination compositions is capable of specificallybinding to the first cellular component target and the cellularcomponent binding reagent of the other of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions is capable of specifically binding to thesecond cellular component target, and wherein the interactiondetermination oligonucleotide comprises an interaction determinationsequence and a bridge oligonucleotide hybridization region, and whereinthe interaction determination sequences of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions comprise different sequences; ligating theinteraction determination oligonucleotides of the first pair ofinteraction determination compositions using a bridge oligonucleotide togenerate a ligated interaction determination oligonucleotide, whereinthe bridge oligonucleotide comprises two hybridization regions capableof specifically binding to the bridge oligonucleotide hybridizationregions of the first pair of interaction determination compositions;barcoding the ligated interaction determination oligonucleotide using aplurality of barcodes to create a plurality of barcoded interactiondetermination oligonucleotides, wherein each of the plurality ofbarcodes comprises a barcode sequence and a capture sequence; obtainingsequencing data of the plurality of barcoded interaction determinationoligonucleotides; and determining an interaction between the first andsecond cellular component targets based on the association of theinteraction determination sequences of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions in the obtained sequencing data. In someembodiments, at least one of the two cellular component binding reagentcomprises a protein binding reagent, wherein the protein binding reagentis associated with one of the two interaction determinationoligonucleotides, and wherein the one or more cellular component targetscomprises at least one protein target.

In some embodiments, contacting the cell with the first pair ofinteraction determination compositions comprises: contacting the cellwith each of the first pair of interaction determination compositionssequentially or simultaneously. The first protein target can be the sameas the second protein target. The first protein target can be differentfrom the second protein target.

In some embodiments, the interaction determination sequence is at least6 nucleotides in length, 25-60 nucleotides in length, about 45nucleotides in length, about 50 nucleotides in length, about 100nucleotides in length, about 128 nucleotides in length, at least 128nucleotides in length, about 200 nucleotides in length, at least 200nucleotides in length, less than about 200-300 nucleotides in length,about 200-500 nucleotides in length, about 500 nucleotides in length, orany combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the cell with asecond pair of interaction determination compositions, wherein the cellcomprises a third protein target and a fourth protein target, whereineach of the second pair of interaction determination compositionscomprises a protein binding reagent associated with an interactiondetermination oligonucleotide, wherein the protein binding reagent ofone of the second pair of interaction determination compositions iscapable of specifically binding to the third protein target and theprotein binding reagent of the other of the second pair of interactiondetermination compositions is capable of specifically binding to thefourth protein target. At least one of the third and fourth proteintargets can be different from one of the first and second proteintargets. At least one of the third and fourth protein targets and atleast one of the first and second protein targets can be identical.

In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the cell with threeor more pairs of interaction determination compositions. The interactiondetermination sequences of at least 10, 100, 1000, or any combinationthereof, interaction determination compositions of the plurality ofpairs of interaction determination compositions can comprise differentsequences.

In some embodiments, the bridge oligonucleotide hybridization regions ofthe first pair of interaction determination compositions comprisedifferent sequences. At least one of the bridge oligonucleotidehybridization regions can be complementary to at least one of the twohybridization regions of the bridge oligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, ligating the interaction determinationoligonucleotides of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions using the bridge oligonucleotide comprises: hybridizing afirst hybridization regions of the bridge oligonucleotide with a firstbridge oligonucleotide hybridization region of the bridgeoligonucleotide hybridization regions of the interaction determinationoligonucleotides; hybridizing a second hybridization regions of thebridge oligonucleotide with a second bridge oligonucleotidehybridization region of the bridge oligonucleotide hybridization regionsof the interaction determination oligonucleotides; and ligating theinteraction determination oligonucleotides hybridized to the bridgeoligonucleotide to generate a ligated interaction determinationoligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, the protein binding reagent comprises an antibody,a tetramer, an aptamers, a protein scaffold, an integrin, or acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the interaction determination oligonucleotide isconjugated to the protein binding reagent through a linker. Theoligonucleotide can comprise the linker. The linker can comprise achemical group. The chemical group can be reversibly or irreversiblyattached to the protein binding reagent. The chemical group can comprisea UV photocleavable group, a disulfide bond, a streptavidin, a biotin,an amine, a disulfide linkage or any combination thereof. The at leastone of the one or more protein targets can be on a cell surface.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: fixating the cell prior tocontacting the cell with the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions. The method can comprise: removing unbound interactiondetermination compositions of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions. Removing the unbound interactiondetermination compositions can comprise washing the cell with a washingbuffer. Removing the unbound interaction determination compositions cancomprise selecting the cell using flow cytometry. The method cancomprise lysing the cell.

In some embodiments, the interaction determination oligonucleotide isconfigured to be detachable or non-detachable from the protein bindingreagent. The method can comprise detaching the interaction determinationoligonucleotide from the protein binding reagent. Detaching theinteraction determination oligonucleotide can comprise detaching theinteraction determination oligonucleotide from the protein bindingreagent by UV photocleaving, chemical treatment, heating, enzymetreatment, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the interaction determination oligonucleotide isnot homologous to genomic sequences of the cell. The interactiondetermination oligonucleotide can be homologous to genomic sequences ofa species. The species can be a non-mammalian species. The non-mammalianspecies can be a phage species. The phage species can T7 phage, a PhiXphage, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiment, the cell comprises a tumor cell or non-tumor cell.The cell can comprise a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, a viral cell,a yeast cell, a fungal cell, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: contacting two or more cellswith the first pair of interaction determination compositions, andwherein each of the two or more cells comprises the first and the secondprotein targets. At least one of the two or more cells can comprise asingle cell.

In some embodiments, the barcode comprises a cell label sequence, abinding site for a universal primer, or any combination thereof. Atleast two barcodes of the plurality of barcodes can comprise anidentical cell label sequence. The interaction determinationoligonucleotide of the one of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions can comprise a sequence complementary to thecapture sequence. The capture sequence can comprise a poly(dT) region.The sequence of the interaction determination oligonucleotidecomplementary to the capture sequence can comprise a poly(dA) region.The interaction determination oligonucleotide can comprise a secondbarcode sequence. The interaction determination oligonucleotide of theother of the first pair of interaction identification compositions cancomprise a binding site for a universal primer.

In some embodiments, the protein target comprises an extracellularprotein, an intracellular protein, or any combination thereof. Theprotein target can comprise a cell-surface protein, a cell marker, aB-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, a major histocompatibility complex,a tumor antigen, a receptor, an integrin, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the protein target comprises a lipid, acarbohydrate, or any combination thereof. The protein target can beselected from a group comprising 10-100 different protein targets.

In some embodiments, the protein binding reagent is associated with twoor more interaction determination oligonucleotides with an identicalsequence. The protein binding reagent can be associated with two or moreinteraction determination oligonucleotides with different interactiondetermination sequences.

In some embodiments, the one of the plurality of interactiondetermination compositions comprises a second protein binding reagentnot associated with the interaction determination oligonucleotide. Theprotein binding reagent and the second protein binding reagent can beidentical. The protein binding reagent can be associated with adetectable moiety.

In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes is associated with aparticle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can beimmobilized on the particle. At least one barcode of the plurality ofbarcodes can be partially immobilized on the particle. At least onebarcode of the plurality of barcodes can be enclosed in the particle. Atleast one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can be partially enclosedin the particle. The particle can be disruptable. The particle cancomprise a bead. The particle can comprise a Sepharose bead, astreptavidin bead, an agarose bead, a magnetic bead, a conjugated bead,a protein A conjugated bead, a protein G conjugated bead, a protein A/Gconjugated bead, a protein L conjugated bead, an oligo(dT) conjugatedbead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, ananti-fluorochrome microbead, or any combination thereof. The particlecan comprise a material selected from the group consisting ofpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose,gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene,acrylic polymer, titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone,and any combination thereof. The particle can comprise a disruptablehydrogel particle. The particle can be associated with a detectablemoiety. The interaction determination oligonucleotide can be associatedwith a detectable moiety. The barcodes of the particle comprise barcodesequences can be selected from, about, at least, at most, 1000, 10000,or more, or less, or any combination thereof different barcodesequences. The barcodes sequences of the barcodes can comprise randomsequences. The particle can comprise at least 10000 barcodes.

In some embodiments barcoding the interaction determinationoligonucleotides using the plurality of barcodes comprises: contactingthe plurality of barcodes with the interaction determinationoligonucleotides to generate barcodes hybridized to the interactiondetermination oligonucleotides; and extending the barcodes hybridized tothe interaction determination oligonucleotides to generate the pluralityof barcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides. Extending thebarcodes can comprise extending the barcodes using a DNA polymerase togenerate the plurality of barcoded interaction determinationoligonucleotides. Extending the barcodes can comprise extending thebarcodes using a reverse transcriptase to generate the plurality ofbarcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides. Extending thebarcodes can comprise extending the barcodes using a Moloney MurineLeukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase or a Taq DNA polymerase togenerate the plurality of barcoded interaction determinationoligonucleotides. Extending the barcodes can comprise displacing thebridge oligonucleotide from the ligated interaction determinationoligonucleotide. The method can comprise: amplifying the plurality ofbarcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides to produce aplurality of amplicons. Amplifying the plurality of barcoded interactiondetermination oligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, using polymerasechain reaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcode sequence and atleast a portion of the interaction determination oligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, obtaining the sequencing data of the plurality ofbarcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides can compriseobtaining sequencing data of the plurality of amplicons. Obtaining thesequencing data can comprise sequencing at least a portion of thebarcode sequence and at least a portion of the interaction determinationoligonucleotide. Obtaining sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedinteraction determination oligonucleotides can comprise obtainingpartial and/or complete sequences of the plurality of barcodedinteraction determination oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, wherein the plurality of barcodes comprises aplurality of stochastic barcodes, wherein the barcode sequence of eachof the plurality of stochastic barcodes comprises a molecular labelsequence, wherein the molecular label sequences of at least twostochastic barcodes of the plurality of stochastic barcodes comprisedifferent sequences, and wherein barcoding the interaction determinationoligonucleotides using the plurality of barcodes to create the pluralityof barcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides comprisesstochastically barcoding the interaction determination oligonucleotidesusing the plurality of stochastic barcodes to create a plurality ofstochastically barcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, barcoding a plurality of targets of the cell usingthe plurality of barcodes to create a plurality of barcoded targets; andobtaining sequencing data of the barcoded targets. Barcoding theplurality of targets using the plurality of barcodes to create theplurality of barcoded targets can comprise: contacting copies of thetargets with target-binding regions of the barcodes; and reversetranscribing the plurality targets using the plurality of barcodes tocreate a plurality of reverse transcribed targets.

In some embodiments, the method can comprise: prior to obtaining thesequencing data of the plurality of barcoded targets, amplifying thebarcoded targets to create a plurality of amplified barcoded targets.Amplifying the barcoded targets to generate the plurality of amplifiedbarcoded targets can comprise: amplifying the barcoded targets bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR). Barcoding the plurality of targets ofthe cell using the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality ofbarcoded targets can comprise stochastically barcoding the plurality oftargets of the cell using the plurality of stochastic barcodes to createa plurality of stochastically barcoded targets.

Embodiments disclosed herein include kits for identifyingprotein-protein interactions. In some embodiments, the kit comprises: afirst pair of interaction determination compositions, wherein each ofthe first pair of interaction determination compositions comprises aprotein binding reagent associated with an interaction determinationoligonucleotide, wherein the protein binding reagent of one of the firstpair of interaction determination compositions is capable ofspecifically binding to a first protein target and a protein bindingreagent of the other of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions is capable of specifically binding to the second proteintarget, wherein the interaction determination oligonucleotide comprisesan interaction determination sequence and a bridge oligonucleotidehybridization region, and wherein the interaction determinationsequences of the first pair of interaction determination compositionscomprise different sequences; and a plurality of bridge oligonucleotideseach comprising two hybridization regions capable of specificallybinding to the bridge oligonucleotide hybridization regions of the firstpair of interaction determination compositions.

Ins some embodiments, the interaction determination sequence is at least6 nucleotides in length, 25-60 nucleotides in length, about 45nucleotides in length, about 50 nucleotides in length, about 100nucleotides in length, about 128 nucleotides in length, at least 128nucleotides in length, about 200-500 nucleotides in length, about 200nucleotides in length, at least 200 nucleotides in length, about 200-300nucleotides in length, about 500 nucleotides in length, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises: a second pair of interactiondetermination compositions, wherein each of the second pair ofinteraction determination compositions comprises a protein bindingreagent associated with an interaction determination oligonucleotide,wherein the protein binding reagent of one of the second pair ofinteraction determination compositions is capable of specificallybinding to a third protein target and the protein binding reagent of theother of the second pair of interaction determination compositions iscapable of specifically binding to a fourth protein target. At least oneof the third and fourth protein targets can be different from one of thefirst and second protein targets. At least one of the third and fourthprotein targets and at least one of the first and second protein targetscan be identical.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises: three or more pairs ofinteraction determination compositions. The interaction determinationsequences of at least 10 interaction determination compositions of thethree or more pairs of interaction determination compositions cancomprise different sequences. The interaction determination sequences ofat least 100 interaction determination compositions of the three or morepairs of interaction determination compositions can comprise differentsequences. The interaction determination sequences of at least 1000interaction determination compositions of the three or more pairs ofinteraction determination compositions can comprise different sequences.

In some embodiments, the bridge oligonucleotide hybridization regions oftwo interaction determination compositions of the plurality ofinteraction determination compositions comprise different sequences. Atleast one of the bridge oligonucleotide hybridization regions can becomplementary to at least one of the two hybridization regions of thebridge oligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, the protein binding reagent can comprise anantibody, a tetramer, an aptamers, a protein scaffold, or a combinationthereof. The interaction determination oligonucleotide can be conjugatedto the protein binding reagent through a linker. The at least oneinteraction determination oligonucleotide can comprise the linker. Thelinker can comprise a chemical group. The chemical group can bereversibly or irreversibly attached to the protein binding reagent. Thechemical group can comprise a UV photocleavable group, a disulfide bond,a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfide linkage, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the interaction determination oligonucleotide isnot homologous to genomic sequences of any cell of interest. The cell ofinterest can comprise a tumor cell or non-tumor cell. The cell ofinterest can comprise a single cell, a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell,a viral cell, a yeast cell, a fungal cell, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises: a plurality of barcodes, whereineach of the plurality of barcodes comprises a barcode sequence and acapture sequence. The interaction determination oligonucleotide of theone of the first pair of interaction determination compositions cancomprise a sequence complementary to the capture sequence of at leastone barcode of a plurality of barcodes. The capture sequence cancomprise a poly(dT) region. The sequence of the interactiondetermination oligonucleotide complementary to the capture sequence ofthe barcode can comprise a poly(dA) region. The interactiondetermination oligonucleotide of the other of the first pair ofinteraction identification compositions can comprise a cell labelsequence, a binding site for a universal primer, or any combinationthereof. The plurality of barcodes can comprise a plurality ofstochastic barcodes, wherein the barcode sequence of each of theplurality of stochastic barcodes comprises a molecular label sequence,wherein the molecular label sequences of at least two stochasticbarcodes of the plurality of stochastic barcodes comprise differentsequences.

In some embodiments, the protein target comprises an extracellularprotein, an intracellular protein, or any combination thereof. Theprotein target can comprise a cell-surface protein, a cell marker, aB-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, a major histocompatibility complex,a tumor antigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The proteintarget can be selected from a group comprising 10-100 different proteintargets.

In some embodiments, the protein binding reagent can be associated withtwo or more interaction determination oligonucleotides with an identicalsequence. The protein binding reagent can be associated with two or moreinteraction determination oligonucleotides with different interactiondetermination sequences.

In some embodiments, the one of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions comprises a second protein binding reagentnot associated with the interaction determination oligonucleotide. Thefirst protein binding reagent and the second protein binding reagent canbe identical or different. The protein binding reagent can be associatedwith a detectable moiety. In some embodiments, the interactiondetermination oligonucleotide is associated with a detectable moiety.

In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes is associated with aparticle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can beimmobilized on the particle. At least one barcode of the plurality ofbarcodes can be partially immobilized on the particle. At least onebarcode of the plurality of barcodes can be enclosed in the particle. Atleast one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can be partially enclosedin the particle. The particle can be disruptable. The particle cancomprise a bead. The particle can comprise a Sepharose bead, astreptavidin bead, an agarose bead, a magnetic bead, a conjugated bead,a protein A conjugated bead, a protein G conjugated bead, a protein A/Gconjugated bead, a protein L conjugated bead, an oligo(dT) conjugatedbead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, ananti-fluorochrome microbead, or any combination thereof. The particlecan comprise a material selected from the group consisting ofpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose,gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene,acrylic polymer, titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone,and any combination thereof. The particle can comprise a disruptablehydrogel particle. The particle can be associated with a detectablemoiety.

The barcodes of the particle can comprise barcode sequences selectedfrom at least 1000 different barcode sequences. The barcodes of theparticle can comprise barcode sequences selected from least 10000different barcode sequences. The barcodes sequences of the barcodes cancomprise random sequences. The particle can comprise at least 10000barcodes.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises: a DNA polymerase. The kit cancomprise a reverse transcriptase. The kit can comprise: a Moloney MurineLeukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase or a Taq DNA polymerase. Insome embodiments, the method comprises a fixation agent (e.g., formalin,paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide, Alcoholic fixatives,Hepes-glutamic acid buffer-mediated organic solvent protection effect(HOPE), Bouin solution, or any combination thereof).

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for delivering high quality andperformance specific products across a wide range of biomolecule anddetectable label portfolios in a fast, efficient and highly scalablemanner. In embodiments of the invention, a request for a labeledbiomolecule is made and in response to the request the labeledbiomolecule is prepared from a pre-existing collection of activatedbiomolecules and activated labels.

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules. The one or more labeled biomoleculereagents can further comprise a second biomolecule not covalentlycoupled to the label. The biomolecule and the second biomolecule can bethe same.

In some embodiments, the label comprises a fluorophore, a chromophore, apolypeptide, a protein, an enzyme, an enzyme substrate, a catalyst, aredox label, a radiolabels, an acoustic label, a Raman (SERS) tag, amass tag, an isotope tag, a magnetic particle, a microparticle, ananoparticle, an oligonucleotide, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the label comprises an enzyme, an enzyme substrate, or acombination thereof, and wherein the enzyme is capable of modifying theenzyme substrate into a corresponding modified enzyme substrate.

In some embodiments, the enzyme substrate differs from the correspondingmodified enzyme substrate by at least one functional group. The at leastone functional group can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl,halo, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde,haloformyl, carbonate ester, carboxylate, carboxyl, ester, methoxy,hydroperoxy, peroxy, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal, ketal,acetal, orthoester, methylenedioxy, orthocarbonate ester, carboxamide,primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, 4° ammonium, primaryketamine, secondary ketamine, primary aldimine, secondary aldimine,imide, azide, azo, diimide, cyanate, isocyanate, nitrate, nitrile,isonitrile, nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, pyridyl, sulfhydryl, sulfide,disulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfino, sulfo, thiocyanate,isothiocyanate, carbonothione, carbonothial, phosphino, phosphono,phosphate, phosphodiester, borono, boronate, borino, borinate, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the enzyme comprises a methyltransferase, aglycoside hydrolase, a agarase, a aminidase, a amylase, a biosidase, acarrageenase, a cellulase, a ceramidase, a chitinase, a chitosanase, acitrinase, a dextranase, a dextrinase, a fructosidase, a fucoidanase, afucosidase, a furanosidase, a galactosidase, a galacturonase, aglucanase, a glucosidase, a glucuronidase, a glucuronosidase, aglycohydrolase, a glycosidase, a hexaosidase, a hydrolase, aniduronidase, a inosidase, an inulinase, a lactase, a levanase, alicheninase, a ligase, a lyase, a lysozyme, a maltosidase, amaltotriosidase, a mannobiosidase, a mannosidase, a muramidase, anoctulosonase, an octulosonidase, a primeverosidase, a protease, apullulanase, a rhamnosidase, a saminidase, a sialidase, a synthase, atransferase, a trehalase, a turonidase, a turonosidase, a xylanase, axylosidase, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the enzyme substrate comprises 6-mercaptopurine,cellobiose, cellotetraose, xylotetraose, isoprimeverose,β-D-gentiobiose, xyloglucan and mannotriose, agarose, aminic acid,starch, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, cellulose, ceramide, chitine,chitosan, dextrose, dextrins, fructose, fucoidan, fucose, furanoside,galactoside, glucan, glucopyranoside, glucoside, glucuronic acid,glucuronoside, glycose, glycoside, glycosaminoglycan, hexaoside, inulin,lactose, levanose, lipopolysaccharide, mannose, maltoside,maltotrioside, mannose, octulosonate, oligosaccharide, pectate, pectin,peptide, polygalacturonide, polynucleotides, pullulan, rhamnoside,xylan, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences.

In some embodiments, the label is conjugated to the biomolecule througha linker. The label can comprise the linker. The linker can comprise achemical group. The chemical group can be reversibly attached to thebiomolecule. The chemical group can be selected from the groupconsisting of a UV photocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, anamine, and any combination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

Aspects of the present disclosure also include systems for use inpreparing a labeled biomolecule reagent. Systems according to someembodiments include an input manager for receiving a request for alabeled biomolecule reagent, a memory for storing a dataset having aplurality of labeled biomolecule reagent storage identifiers, aprocessing module communicatively coupled to the memory and configuredto identify one or more labeled biomolecule reagent storage identifiersfrom the dataset that corresponds to the labeled biomolecule reagentrequest and an output manager for providing the one or more identifiedlabeled biomolecule reagent storage identifiers. In some embodiments,the request for a labeled biomolecule reagent includes a biomoleculerequest and a label request. In other embodiments, the request for alabeled biomolecule reagent is a labeled biomolecule request. In someembodiments, the label request comprises an enzyme request and asubstrate request.

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the label comprises a fluorophore, a chromophore, apolypeptide, a protein, an enzyme, an enzyme substrate, a catalyst, aredox label, a radiolabels, an acoustic label, a Raman (SERS) tag, amass tag, an isotope tag, a magnetic particle, a microparticle, ananoparticle, an oligonucleotide, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the label comprises an enzyme, an enzyme substrate, or acombination thereof, and wherein the enzyme is capable of modifying theenzyme substrate into a corresponding modified enzyme substrate.

In some embodiments, the enzyme substrate differs from the correspondingmodified enzyme substrate by at least one functional group. The at leastone functional group can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl,halo, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde,haloformyl, carbonate ester, carboxylate, carboxyl, ester, methoxy,hydroperoxy, peroxy, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal, ketal,acetal, orthoester, methylenedioxy, orthocarbonate ester, carboxamide,primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, 4° ammonium, primaryketamine, secondary ketamine, primary aldimine, secondary aldimine,imide, azide, azo, diimide, cyanate, isocyanate, nitrate, nitrile,isonitrile, nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, pyridyl, sulfhydryl, sulfide,disulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfino, sulfo, thiocyanate,isothiocyanate, carbonothione, carbonothial, phosphino, phosphono,phosphate, phosphodiester, borono, boronate, borino, borinate, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the enzyme comprises a methyltransferase, aglycoside hydrolase, a agarase, a aminidase, a amylase, a biosidase, acarrageenase, a cellulase, a ceramidase, a chitinase, a chitosanase, acitrinase, a dextranase, a dextrinase, a fructosidase, a fucoidanase, afucosidase, a furanosidase, a galactosidase, a galacturonase, aglucanase, a glucosidase, a glucuronidase, a glucuronosidase, aglycohydrolase, a glycosidase, a hexaosidase, a hydrolase, aniduronidase, a inosidase, an inulinase, a lactase, a levanase, alicheninase, a ligase, a lyase, a lysozyme, a maltosidase, amaltotriosidase, a mannobiosidase, a mannosidase, a muramidase, anoctulosonase, an octulosonidase, a primeverosidase, a protease, apullulanase, a rhamnosidase, a saminidase, a sialidase, a synthase, atransferase, a trehalase, a turonidase, a turonosidase, a xylanase, axylosidase, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the enzyme substrate comprises 6-mercaptopurine,cellobiose, cellotetraose, xylotetraose, isoprimeverose,β-D-gentiobiose, xyloglucan and mannotriose, agarose, aminic acid,starch, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, cellulose, ceramide, chitine,chitosan, dextrose, dextrins, fructose, fucoidan, fucose, furanoside,galactoside, glucan, glucopyranoside, glucoside, glucuronic acid,glucuronoside, glycose, glycoside, glycosaminoglycan, hexaoside, inulin,lactose, levanose, lipopolysaccharide, mannose, maltoside,maltotrioside, mannose, octulosonate, oligosaccharide, pectate, pectin,peptide, polygalacturonide, polynucleotides, pullulan, rhamnoside,xylan, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences.

In some embodiments, the label is conjugated to the biomolecule througha linker. The label can comprise the linker. The linker can comprise achemical group. The chemical group can be reversibly attached to thebiomolecule. The chemical group can be selected from the groupconsisting of a UV photocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, anamine, and any combination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

The input manager may be operatively coupled to a graphical userinterface, such as a website menu interface where the request for alabeled biomolecule reagent is entered into an internet website. In someembodiments, the input manager is configured to receive a labeledbiomolecule request. In other embodiments, the input manager isconfigured to receive a biomolecule request and a label request. In someembodiments, the label request comprises an enzyme request and asubstrate request. The input manager may receive a plurality of labeledbiomolecule reagent requests, such as from a single user or from aplurality of users.

The subject systems include memory for storing one or more datasets thatinclude storage identifiers for labeled biomolecules, biomolecules,activated biomolecules, labels, activated labels and reactive linkers.Systems also include a processing module communicatively coupled to thememory that identifies a storage identifier from the one or moredatasets that corresponds to the components (e.g., biomolecule request,label request, labeled biomolecule request, etc.) of the labeledbiomolecule reagent request. In some embodiments, an output manager isoperatively coupled to a communication component to display theidentified storage identifiers, such as on an electronic display or byprinting the storage identifiers with a printer.

In some embodiments, systems of interest further include a reagentpreparatory apparatus in operative communication with the output managerfor preparing a labeled biomolecule reagent. The reagent preparatorymanager is configured to receive the identified storage identifiers fromthe output manager and produce a labeled biomolecule reagent thatcorresponds to the labeled biomolecule reagent request.

In embodiments, the reagent preparatory apparatus includes a pluralityof activated biomolecules, a plurality of activated labels and samplingdevice to provide an activated biomolecule and an activated label to acontacting apparatus. In some embodiments, the reagent preparatoryapparatus includes a reagent analyzer which may be used to characterize,formulate or purify the produced labeled biomolecule reagent, such as bysolid phase liquid chromatography.

The biomolecule may be a polypeptide, a nucleic acid or apolysaccharide. In some embodiments, the biomolecule is a nucleic acid,such as an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. In other embodiments, thebiomolecule is a polypeptide, such as a protein, an enzyme or anantibody. Labels may include fluorophores, chromophores, enzymes, enzymesubstrates, catalysts, chemiluminescent substrates,electro-chemiluminescent substrates, redox labels, radio labels,acoustic labels, Raman (SERS) tags, mass tags, isotope tags (e.g.,isotopically pure rare earth elements), magnetic particles,microparticles, nanoparticles, oligonucleotides, or any combinationthereof.

The labeled biomolecule reagents are prepared by coupling an activatedbiomolecule with an activated label. The activated biomolecule andactivated label each include a reactive linker. In embodiments, thereactive linkers react to form a chemical linkage between the activatedbiomolecule and the activated linker.

Aspects of the present disclosure also include methods for preparing alabeled biomolecule reagent. Methods according to some embodimentsinclude receiving a request for a labeled biomolecule reagent,identifying a storage identifier that corresponds with the components ofthe labeled biomolecule reagent request (e.g., storage identifierscorresponding to a biomolecule request and a label request) andoutputting one or more identified storage identifiers. In someembodiments, the identified biomolecule storage identifier and labelstorage identifier is outputted onto an electronic display or is printedwith a printer. In some embodiments, a plurality of requests for labeledbiomolecule reagents are received, such as from a single user or aplurality of users. In some instances, the request for the labeledbiomolecule reagent may include a plurality of biomolecule requests anda plurality of label requests. In some embodiments, the request for thelabeled biomolecule reagent may include a plurality of biomoleculerequests and a single label request. In still some embodiments, therequest for the labeled biomolecule reagent may include a singlebiomolecule request and a plurality of label requests. In someembodiments, the label request comprises an enzyme request and asubstrate request.

In some embodiments, methods further include contacting an activatedbiomolecule with an activated label to produce a labeled biomoleculereagent. In some embodiments, the activated biomolecule and activatedlabel are contacted in a reagent preparatory apparatus. In someinstances, the labeled biomolecule reagent is further purified. Afterpreparation, the labeled biomolecule reagent may be packaged andtransported to a remote location.

Aspects of the present disclosure also include methods for requestingand receiving a labeled biomolecule reagent. Methods according to someembodiments include communicating a request for a labeled biomoleculereagent (e.g., to one of the subject systems described herein) andreceiving a labeled biomolecule reagent that includes a biomoleculecovalently bonded to a label. In some embodiments, communicating arequest for a labeled biomolecule reagent includes inputting thebiomolecule request and the label request into a graphical userinterface, such as a website menu interface on an internet website. Insome embodiments, communicating a request for a labeled biomoleculereagent includes inputting a plurality of biomolecule requests and aplurality of label requests. In some embodiments, the label requestcomprises an enzyme request and a substrate request. In otherembodiments, communicating a request for a labeled biomolecule reagentincludes inputting a single biomolecule request and a plurality of labelrequests. In yet other embodiments, communicating a request for alabeled biomolecule reagent includes inputting a plurality ofbiomolecule requests and inputting a single label request. In stillother embodiments, communicating a request for a labeled biomoleculereagent includes inputting a labeled biomolecule request.

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules. Receiving the labeled biomolecule reagentcan comprise receiving the labeled biomolecule covalently coupled to thelabel and a second biomolecule not covalently coupled to the label. Thelabeled biomolecule and the second biomolecule can be the same.

In some embodiments, the label comprises a fluorophore, a chromophore, apolypeptide, a protein, an enzyme, an enzyme substrate, a catalyst, aredox label, a radiolabels, an acoustic label, a Raman (SERS) tag, amass tag, an isotope tag, a magnetic particle, a microparticle, ananoparticle, an oligonucleotide, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the label comprises an enzyme, an enzyme substrate, or acombination thereof, and wherein the enzyme is capable of modifying theenzyme substrate into a corresponding modified enzyme substrate.

In some embodiments, the enzyme substrate differs from the correspondingmodified enzyme substrate by at least one functional group. The at leastone functional group can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl,halo, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde,haloformyl, carbonate ester, carboxylate, carboxyl, ester, methoxy,hydroperoxy, peroxy, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal, ketal,acetal, orthoester, methylenedioxy, orthocarbonate ester, carboxamide,primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, 4° ammonium, primaryketamine, secondary ketamine, primary aldimine, secondary aldimine,imide, azide, azo, diimide, cyanate, isocyanate, nitrate, nitrile,isonitrile, nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, pyridyl, sulfhydryl, sulfide,disulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfino, sulfo, thiocyanate,isothiocyanate, carbonothione, carbonothial, phosphino, phosphono,phosphate, phosphodiester, borono, boronate, borino, borinate, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the enzyme comprises a methyltransferase, aglycoside hydrolase, a agarase, a aminidase, a amylase, a biosidase, acarrageenase, a cellulase, a ceramidase, a chitinase, a chitosanase, acitrinase, a dextranase, a dextrinase, a fructosidase, a fucoidanase, afucosidase, a furanosidase, a galactosidase, a galacturonase, aglucanase, a glucosidase, a glucuronidase, a glucuronosidase, aglycohydrolase, a glycosidase, a hexaosidase, a hydrolase, aniduronidase, a inosidase, an inulinase, a lactase, a levanase, alicheninase, a ligase, a lyase, a lysozyme, a maltosidase, amaltotriosidase, a mannobiosidase, a mannosidase, a muramidase, anoctulosonase, an octulosonidase, a primeverosidase, a protease, apullulanase, a rhamnosidase, a saminidase, a sialidase, a synthase, atransferase, a trehalase, a turonidase, a turonosidase, a xylanase, axylosidase, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the enzyme substrate comprises 6-mercaptopurine,cellobiose, cellotetraose, xylotetraose, isoprimeverose,β-D-gentiobiose, xyloglucan and mannotriose, agarose, aminic acid,starch, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, cellulose, ceramide, chitine,chitosan, dextrose, dextrins, fructose, fucoidan, fucose, furanoside,galactoside, glucan, glucopyranoside, glucoside, glucuronic acid,glucuronoside, glycose, glycoside, glycosaminoglycan, hexaoside, inulin,lactose, levanose, lipopolysaccharide, mannose, maltoside,maltotrioside, mannose, octulosonate, oligosaccharide, pectate, pectin,peptide, polygalacturonide, polynucleotides, pullulan, rhamnoside,xylan, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences. In someembodiments, the oligonucleotide is conjugated to the biomoleculethrough a linker. The oligonucleotide can comprise the linker. Thelinker can comprise a chemical group. The chemical group can bereversibly attached to the biomolecule. The chemical group can beselected from the group consisting of a UV photocleavable group, astreptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and any combination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a non-limiting exemplary stochastic barcode.

FIG. 2 shows a non-limiting exemplary workflow of stochastic barcodingand digital counting.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing a non-limiting exemplaryprocess for generating an indexed library of the stochastically barcodedtargets from a plurality of targets.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary protein bindingreagent (antibody illustrated here) conjugated with an oligonucleotidecomprising a unique identifier for the protein binding reagent.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary workflow usingoligonucleotide conjugated antibodies to measure protein expression andgene expression simultaneously in a high throughput manner.

FIGS. 6A-6E show non-limiting exemplary schematic illustrations ofparticles functionalized with oligonucleotides.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary workflow of usingparticles functionalized with oligonucleotides for single cellsequencing control.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of another exemplary workflow ofusing particles functionalized with oligonucleotides for single cellsequencing control.

FIG. 9 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary workflow of usingcontrol oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies for determining singlecell sequencing efficiency.

FIG. 10 shows another schematic illustration of an exemplary workflow ofusing control oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies for determiningsingle cell sequencing efficiency.

FIGS. 11A-11C are plots showing that control oligonucleotides can beused for cell counting.

FIG. 12 illustrates the steps for the preparation of labeled biomoleculereagents used to provide labeled biomolecule reagent compositions forlaboratory and clinical assays according to one embodiment.

FIG. 13 provides an illustration of a method according to an embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 14 illustrates a method of the present disclosure for providingcustomizable labeled biomolecule reagents on-demand.

FIG. 15 depicts a graphical user interface for communicating a requestfor a labeled biomolecule reagent according to some embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 16 depicts a computer system of the present disclosure according tosome embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 17 illustrates a flow diagram for receiving, processing andoutputting a request for a labeled biomolecule reagent according to someembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 18 panels (a)-(d) show non-limiting exemplary designs ofoligonucleotides for determining protein expression and gene expressionsimultaneously.

FIG. 19 shows a schematic illustration of a non-limiting exemplaryoligonucleotide sequence for determining protein expression and geneexpression simultaneously.

FIG. 20 panels (a)-(f) are non-limiting exemplary tSNE projection plotsshowing results of using oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies tomeasure CD4 protein expression and gene expression simultaneously in ahigh throughput manner.

FIG. 21 panels (a)-(f) are non-limiting exemplary bar charts showing theexpressions of CD4 mRNA and protein in CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, andMyeloid cells.

FIG. 22 is a non-limiting exemplary bar chart showing that, with similarsequencing depth, detection sensitivity for CD4 protein level increasedwith higher ratios of antibody:oligonucleotide, with the 1:3 ratioperforming better than the 1:1 and 1:2 ratios.

FIG. 23 panels (a)-(d) are plots showing the CD4 protein expression oncell surface of cells sorted using flow cytometry.

FIG. 24 panels (a)-(f) are non-limiting exemplary bar charts showing theexpressions of CD4 mRNA and protein in CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, andMyeloid cells of two samples.

FIG. 25 is a non-limiting exemplary bar chart showing detectionsensitivity for CD4 protein level determined using different samplepreparation protocols with an antibody:oligonucleotide ratio of 1:3.

FIGS. 26A-26C are non-limiting exemplary plots showing determination ofan optimal dilution of an antibody stock using dilution titration.

FIG. 27 shows a non-limiting exemplary experimental design fordetermining a staining concentration of oligonucleotide-conjugatedantibodies such that the antibody oligonucleotides account for a desiredpercentage of total reads in sequencing data.

FIG. 28 panels (a)-(d) are non-limiting exemplary bioanalyzer tracesshowing peaks (indicated by arrows) consistent with the expected size ofthe antibody oligonucleotide.

FIG. 29 panels (a)-(f) are non-limiting exemplary histograms showing thenumbers of molecules of antibody oligonucleotides detected for samplesstained with different antibody dilutions and different percentage ofthe antibody molecules conjugated with the antibody oligonucleotides(“hot antibody”).

FIGS. 30A-30C are non-limiting exemplary plots showing thatoligonucleotide-conjugated anti-CD147 antibody molecules can be used tolabel various cell types. The cell types were determined using theexpression profiles of 488 genes in a blood panel (FIG. 30A). The cellswere stained with a mixture of 10% hot antibody:90% cold antibodyprepared using a 1:100 diluted stock, resulting in a clear signal in ahistogram showing the numbers of molecules of antibody oligonucleotidesdetected (FIG. 30B). The labeling of the various cell types by theantibody oligonucleotide is shown in FIG. 30C.

FIGS. 31A-31C are non-limiting exemplary plots showing thatoligonucleotide-conjugated anti-CD147 antibodies can be used to labelvarious cell types. The cell types were determined using the expressionprofiles of 488 genes in a blood panel (FIG. 31A). The cells werestained with a mixture of 1% hot antibody:99% cold antibody preparedusing a 1:100 diluted stock, resulting in no clear signal in a histogramshowing the numbers of molecules of antibody oligonucleotides detected(FIG. 31B). The labeling of the various cell types by the antibodyoligonucleotide is shown in FIG. 31C.

FIGS. 32A-32C are non-limiting exemplary plots showing thatoligonucleotide-conjugated anti-CD147 antibody molecules can be used tolabel various cell types. The cell types were determined using theexpression profiles of 488 genes in a blood panel (FIG. 32A). The cellswere stained with a 1:800 diluted stock, resulting in a clear signal ina histogram showing the numbers of molecules of antibodyoligonucleotides detected (FIG. 32B). The labeling of the various celltypes by the antibody oligonucleotide is shown in FIG. 32C.

FIGS. 33A-33B are plots showing the composition of control particleoligonucleotides in a staining buffer and control particleoligonucleotides associated with control particles detected using theworkflow illustrated in FIG. 7.

FIGS. 34A-34B are bright-field images of cells (FIG. 34A, white circles)and control particles (FIG. 34B, black circles) in a hemocytometer.

FIGS. 35A-35B are phase contrast (FIG. 35A, 10×) and fluorescent (FIG.35B, 10×) images of control particles bound tooligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies associated with fluorophores.

FIG. 36 is an image showing cells and a control particle being loadedinto microwells of a cartridge.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings,similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless contextdictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in thedetailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting.Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made,without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matterpresented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of thepresent disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated inthe Figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, anddesigned in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which areexplicitly contemplated herein and made part of the disclosure herein.

All patents, published patent applications, other publications, andsequences from GenBank, and other databases referred to herein areincorporated by reference in their entirety with respect to the relatedtechnology.

Quantifying small numbers of nucleic acids, for example messengerribonucleotide acid (mRNA) molecules, is clinically important fordetermining, for example, the genes that are expressed in a cell atdifferent stages of development or under different environmentalconditions. However, it can also be very challenging to determine theabsolute number of nucleic acid molecules (e.g., mRNA molecules),especially when the number of molecules is very small. One method todetermine the absolute number of molecules in a sample is digitalpolymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ideally, PCR produces an identical copyof a molecule at each cycle. However, PCR can have disadvantages suchthat each molecule replicates with a stochastic probability, and thisprobability varies by PCR cycle and gene sequence, resulting inamplification bias and inaccurate gene expression measurements.Stochastic barcodes with unique molecular labels (also referred to asmolecular indexes (MIs)) can be used to count the number of moleculesand correct for amplification bias. Stochastic barcoding such as thePrecise™ assay (Cellular Research, Inc. (Palo Alto, Calif.)) can correctfor bias induced by PCR and library preparation steps by using molecularlabels (MLs) to label mRNAs during reverse transcription (RT).

The Precise™ assay can utilize a non-depleting pool of stochasticbarcodes with large number, for example 6561 to 65536, unique molecularlabels on poly(T) oligonucleotides to hybridize to all poly(A)-mRNAs ina sample during the RT step. A stochastic barcode can comprise auniversal PCR priming site. During RT, target gene molecules reactrandomly with stochastic barcodes. Each target molecule can hybridize toa stochastic barcode resulting to generate stochastically barcodedcomplementary ribonucleotide acid (cDNA) molecules). After labeling,stochastically barcoded cDNA molecules from microwells of a microwellplate can be pooled into a single tube for PCR amplification andsequencing. Raw sequencing data can be analyzed to produce the number ofreads, the number of stochastic barcodes with unique molecular labels,and the numbers of mRNA molecules.

Methods for determining mRNA expression profiles of single cells can beperformed in a massively parallel manner. For example, the Precise™assay can be used to determine the mRNA expression profiles of more than10,000 cells simultaneously. The number of single cells (e.g., 100s or1,000s of singles) for analysis per sample can be lower than thecapacity of the current single cell technology. Pooling of cells fromdifferent samples enables improved utilization of the capacity of thecurrent single technology, thus lowering reagents wasted and the cost ofsingle cell analysis. Pooling of cells from different samples canminimize the variations in cDNA library preparation of cells ofdifferent samples, thus enabling more accurate comparisons of differentsamples.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide a plurality of compositionseach comprising a protein binding reagent conjugated with anoligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a uniqueidentifier for the protein binding reagent that it is conjugatedtherewith, and the protein binding reagent is capable of specificallybinding to a protein target. In some embodiments, the unique identifiercomprises a nucleotide sequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. In someembodiments, the unique identifier is selected from a diverse set ofunique identifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse set of uniqueidentifiers comprises at least 100 different unique identifiers. In someembodiments, the diverse set of unique identifiers comprises at least1,000 different unique identifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse setof unique identifiers comprises at least 10,000 different uniqueidentifiers. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositionscomprises a plurality of antibodies, a plurality of aptamers, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositionscomprises at least 100 different protein binding reagents. In someembodiments, the plurality of compositions comprises at least 100different protein binding reagents. In some embodiments, the pluralityof compositions comprises at least 1,000 different protein bindingreagents. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositions comprisesat least 10,000 different protein binding reagents. In some embodiments,the plurality of compositions comprises at least 10,000 differentprotein binding reagents. In some embodiments, each protein bindingreagent is conjugated with one or more oligonucleotides comprising atleast one barcode sequence (e.g., one molecular label sequence) selectedfrom a set of at least 10 different barcode sequences. In someembodiments, each protein binding reagent is conjugated with one or moreoligonucleotides comprising at least one barcode sequence selected froma set of at least 100 different barcode sequences. In some embodiments,each protein binding reagent is conjugated with one or moreoligonucleotides comprising at least one barcode sequence selected froma set of at least 1,000 different barcode sequences. In someembodiments, the plurality of compositions is capable of specificallybinding to a plurality of protein targets. In some embodiments, theplurality of protein targets comprises a cell-surface protein, a cellmarker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, an antibody, a majorhistocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, a receptor, or anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of proteintargets comprises 10-400 different protein targets.

Definitions

Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used herein have the samemeaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art inthe field to which this disclosure belongs. As used in thisspecification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and“the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictatesotherwise. Any reference to “or” herein is intended to encompass“and/or” unless otherwise stated.

As used herein, the term “adaptor” can mean a sequence to facilitateamplification or sequencing of associated nucleic acids. The associatednucleic acids can comprise target nucleic acids. The associated nucleicacids can comprise one or more of spatial labels, target labels, samplelabels, indexing label, or barcode sequences (e.g., molecular labels).The adapters can be linear. The adaptors can be pre-adenylated adapters.The adaptors can be double- or single-stranded. One or more adaptor canbe located on the 5′ or 3′ end of a nucleic acid. When the adaptorscomprise known sequences on the 5′ and 3′ ends, the known sequences canbe the same or different sequences. An adaptor located on the 5′ and/or3′ ends of a polynucleotide can be capable of hybridizing to one or moreoligonucleotides immobilized on a surface. An adapter can, in someembodiments, comprise a universal sequence. A universal sequence can bea region of nucleotide sequence that is common to two or more nucleicacid molecules. The two or more nucleic acid molecules can also haveregions of different sequence. Thus, for example, the 5′ adapters cancomprise identical and/or universal nucleic acid sequences and the 3′adapters can comprise identical and/or universal sequences. A universalsequence that may be present in different members of a plurality ofnucleic acid molecules can allow the replication or amplification ofmultiple different sequences using a single universal primer that iscomplementary to the universal sequence. Similarly, at least one, two(e.g., a pair) or more universal sequences that may be present indifferent members of a collection of nucleic acid molecules can allowthe replication or amplification of multiple different sequences usingat least one, two (e.g., a pair) or more single universal primers thatare complementary to the universal sequences. Thus, a universal primerincludes a sequence that can hybridize to such a universal sequence. Thetarget nucleic acid sequence-bearing molecules may be modified to attachuniversal adapters (e.g., non-target nucleic acid sequences) to one orboth ends of the different target nucleic acid sequences. The one ormore universal primers attached to the target nucleic acid can providesites for hybridization of universal primers. The one or more universalprimers attached to the target nucleic acid can be the same or differentfrom each other.

As used herein, an antibody can be a full-length (e.g., naturallyoccurring or formed by normal immunoglobulin gene fragmentrecombinatorial processes) immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., an IgGantibody) or an immunologically active (i.e., specifically binding)portion of an immunoglobulin molecule, like an antibody fragment.

In some embodiments, an antibody is a functional antibody fragment. Forexample, an antibody fragment can be a portion of an antibody such asF(ab′)2, Fab′, Fab, Fv, sFv and the like. An antibody fragment can bindwith the same antigen that is recognized by the full-length antibody. Anantibody fragment can include isolated fragments consisting of thevariable regions of antibodies, such as the “Fv” fragments consisting ofthe variable regions of the heavy and light chains and recombinantsingle chain polypeptide molecules in which light and heavy variableregions are connected by a peptide linker (“scFv proteins”). Exemplaryantibodies can include, but are not limited to, antibodies for cancercells, antibodies for viruses, antibodies that bind to cell surfacereceptors (for example, CD8, CD34, and CD45), and therapeuticantibodies.

As used herein the term “associated” or “associated with” can mean thattwo or more species are identifiable as being co-located at a point intime. An association can mean that two or more species are or werewithin a similar container. An association can be an informaticsassociation, where for example digital information regarding two or morespecies is stored and can be used to determine that one or more of thespecies were co-located at a point in time. An association can also be aphysical association. In some instances two or more associated speciesare “tethered”, “attached”, or “immobilized” to one another or to acommon solid or semisolid surface. An association may refer to covalentor non-covalent means for attaching labels to solid or semi-solidsupports such as beads. An association may comprise hybridizationbetween a target and a label.

As used herein, the term “complementary” can refer to the capacity forprecise pairing between two nucleotides. For example, if a nucleotide ata given position of a nucleic acid is capable of hydrogen bonding with anucleotide of another nucleic acid, then the two nucleic acids areconsidered to be complementary to one another at that position.Complementarity between two single-stranded nucleic acid molecules maybe “partial,” in which only some of the nucleotides bind, or it may becomplete when total complementarity exists between the single-strandedmolecules. A first nucleotide sequence can be said to be the“complement” of a second sequence if the first nucleotide sequence iscomplementary to the second nucleotide sequence. A first nucleotidesequence can be said to be the “reverse complement” of a secondsequence, if the first nucleotide sequence is complementary to asequence that is the reverse (i.e., the order of the nucleotides isreversed) of the second sequence. As used herein, the terms“complement”, “complementary”, and “reverse complement” can be usedinterchangeably. It is understood from the disclosure that if a moleculecan hybridize to another molecule it may be the complement of themolecule that is hybridizing.

As used herein, the term “digital counting” can refer to a method forestimating a number of target molecules in a sample. Digital countingcan include the step of determining a number of unique labels that havebeen associated with targets in a sample. This stochastic methodologytransforms the problem of counting molecules from one of locating andidentifying identical molecules to a series of yes/no digital questionsregarding detection of a set of predefined labels.

As used herein, the term “label” or “labels” can refer to nucleic acidcodes associated with a target within a sample. A label can be, forexample, a nucleic acid label. A label can be an entirely or partiallyamplifiable label. A label can be entirely or partially sequencablelabel. A label can be a portion of a native nucleic acid that isidentifiable as distinct. A label can be a known sequence. A label cancomprise a junction of nucleic acid sequences, for example a junction ofa native and non-native sequence. As used herein, the term “label” canbe used interchangeably with the terms, “index”, “tag,” or “label-tag.”Labels can convey information. For example, in various embodiments,labels can be used to determine an identity of a sample, a source of asample, an identity of a cell, and/or a target.

As used herein, the term “non-depleting reservoirs” can refer to a poolof barcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes) made up of many differentlabels. A non-depleting reservoir can comprise large numbers ofdifferent stochastic barcodes such that when the non-depleting reservoiris associated with a pool of targets each target is likely to beassociated with a unique stochastic barcode. The uniqueness of eachlabeled target molecule can be determined by the statistics of randomchoice, and depends on the number of copies of identical targetmolecules in the collection compared to the diversity of labels. Thesize of the resulting set of labeled target molecules can be determinedby the stochastic nature of the barcoding process, and analysis of thenumber of stochastic barcodes detected then allows calculation of thenumber of target molecules present in the original collection or sample.When the ratio of the number of copies of a target molecule present tothe number of unique stochastic barcodes is low, the labeled targetmolecules are highly unique (i.e. there is a very low probability thatmore than one target molecule will have been labeled with a givenlabel).

As used herein, the term “nucleic acid” refers to a polynucleotidesequence, or fragment thereof. A nucleic acid can comprise nucleotides.A nucleic acid can be exogenous or endogenous to a cell. A nucleic acidcan exist in a cell-free environment. A nucleic acid can be a gene orfragment thereof. A nucleic acid can be DNA. A nucleic acid can be RNA.A nucleic acid can comprise one or more analogs (e.g. altered backbone,sugar, or nucleobase). Some non-limiting examples of analogs include:5-bromouracil, peptide nucleic acid, xeno nucleic acid, morpholinos,locked nucleic acids, glycol nucleic acids, threose nucleic acids,dideoxynucleotides, cordycepin, 7-deaza-GTP, fluorophores (e.g.rhodamine or fluorescein linked to the sugar), thiol containingnucleotides, biotin linked nucleotides, fluorescent base analogs, CpGislands, methyl-7-guanosine, methylated nucleotides, inosine,thiouridine, pseudouridine, dihydrouridine, queuosine, and wyosine.“Nucleic acid”, “polynucleotide, “target polynucleotide”, and “targetnucleic acid” can be used interchangeably.

A nucleic acid can comprise one or more modifications (e.g., a basemodification, a backbone modification), to provide the nucleic acid witha new or enhanced feature (e.g., improved stability). A nucleic acid cancomprise a nucleic acid affinity tag. A nucleoside can be a base-sugarcombination. The base portion of the nucleoside can be a heterocyclicbase. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are thepurines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides can be nucleosides that furtherinclude a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of thenucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar,the phosphate group can be linked to the 2′, the 3′, or the 5′ hydroxylmoiety of the sugar. In forming nucleic acids, the phosphate groups cancovalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linearpolymeric compound. In turn, the respective ends of this linearpolymeric compound can be further joined to form a circular compound;however, linear compounds are generally suitable. In addition, linearcompounds may have internal nucleotide base complementarity and maytherefore fold in a manner as to produce a fully or partiallydouble-stranded compound. Within nucleic acids, the phosphate groups cancommonly be referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of thenucleic acid. The linkage or backbone can be a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiesterlinkage.

A nucleic acid can comprise a modified backbone and/or modifiedinternucleoside linkages. Modified backbones can include those thatretain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have aphosphorus atom in the backbone. Suitable modified nucleic acidbackbones containing a phosphorus atom therein can include, for example,phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates,phosphotriesters, aminoalkyl phosphotriesters, methyl and other alkylphosphonate such as 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-alkylene phosphonates,chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-aminophosphoramidate and aminoalkyl phosphoramidates, phosphorodiamidates,thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates,thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates, and boranophosphateshaving normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs, and those havinginverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′to 3′, a 5′ to 5′ or a 2′ to 2′ linkage.

A nucleic acid can comprise polynucleotide backbones that are formed byshort chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixedheteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one ormore short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages.These can include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part fromthe sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide,sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetylbackbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; riboacetylbackbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones;methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate andsulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, Sand CH2 component parts.

A nucleic acid can comprise a nucleic acid mimetic. The term “mimetic”can be intended to include polynucleotides wherein only the furanosering or both the furanose ring and the internucleotide linkage arereplaced with non-furanose groups, replacement of only the furanose ringcan also be referred as being a sugar surrogate. The heterocyclic basemoiety or a modified heterocyclic base moiety can be maintained forhybridization with an appropriate target nucleic acid. One such nucleicacid can be a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In a PNA, the sugar-backboneof a polynucleotide can be replaced with an amide containing backbone,in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleotides can beretained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms ofthe amide portion of the backbone. The backbone in PNA compounds cancomprise two or more linked aminoethylglycine units which gives PNA anamide containing backbone. The heterocyclic base moieties can be bounddirectly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of thebackbone.

A nucleic acid can comprise a morpholino backbone structure. Forexample, a nucleic acid can comprise a 6-membered morpholino ring inplace of a ribose ring. In some of these embodiments, aphosphorodiamidate or other non-phosphodiester internucleoside linkagecan replace a phosphodiester linkage.

A nucleic acid can comprise linked morpholino units (i.e. morpholinonucleic acid) having heterocyclic bases attached to the morpholino ring.Linking groups can link the morpholino monomeric units in a morpholinonucleic acid. Non-ionic morpholino-based oligomeric compounds can haveless undesired interactions with cellular proteins. Morpholino-basedpolynucleotides can be nonionic mimics of nucleic acids. A variety ofcompounds within the morpholino class can be joined using differentlinking groups. A further class of polynucleotide mimetic can bereferred to as cyclohexenyl nucleic acids (CeNA). The furanose ringnormally present in a nucleic acid molecule can be replaced with acyclohexenyl ring. CeNA DMT protected phosphoramidite monomers can beprepared and used for oligomeric compound synthesis usingphosphoramidite chemistry. The incorporation of CeNA monomers into anucleic acid chain can increase the stability of a DNA/RNA hybrid. CeNAoligoadenylates can form complexes with nucleic acid complements withsimilar stability to the native complexes. A further modification caninclude Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) in which the 2′-hydroxyl group islinked to the 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a 2′-C,4′-C-oxymethylene linkage thereby forming a bicyclic sugar moiety. Thelinkage can be a methylene (—CH2), group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom andthe 4′ carbon atom wherein n is 1 or 2. LNA and LNA analogs can displayvery high duplex thermal stabilities with complementary nucleic acid(Tm=+3 to +10° C.), stability towards 3′-exonucleolytic degradation andgood solubility properties.

A nucleic acid may also include nucleobase (often referred to simply as“base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or“natural” nucleobases can include the purine bases, (e.g. adenine (A)and guanine (G)), and the pyrimidine bases, (e.g. thymine (T), cytosine(C) and uracil (U)). Modified nucleobases can include other syntheticand natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C),5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine,6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyland other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil,2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl(—C═C—CH3) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives ofpyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil(pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl,8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-haloparticularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracilsand cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine,2-aminoadenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Modifiednucleobases can include tricyclic pyrimidines such as phenoxazinecytidine (1H-pyrimido(5,4-b)(1,4)benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), phenothiazinecytidine (1H-pyrimido(5,4-b)(1,4)benzothiazin-2(3H)-one), G-clamps suchas a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g.9-(2-aminoethoxy)-H-pyrimido(5,4-(b) (1,4)benzoxazin-2(3H)-one),phenothiazine cytidine (1H-pyrimido(5,4-b)(1,4)benzothiazin-2(3H)-one),G-clamps such as a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g.9-(2-aminoethoxy)-H-pyrimido(5,4-(b) (1,4)benzoxazin-2(3H)-one),carbazole cytidine (2H-pyrimido(4,5-b)indol-2-one), pyridoindolecytidine (H-pyrido(3′,2′:4,5)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one).

As used herein, the term “sample” can refer to a composition comprisingtargets. Suitable samples for analysis by the disclosed methods,devices, and systems include cells, tissues, organs, or organisms.

As used herein, the term “sampling device” or “device” can refer to adevice which may take a section of a sample and/or place the section ona substrate. A sample device can refer to, for example, a fluorescenceactivated cell sorting (FACS) machine, a cell sorter machine, a biopsyneedle, a biopsy device, a tissue sectioning device, a microfluidicdevice, a blade grid, and/or a microtome.

As used herein, the term “solid support” can refer to discrete solid orsemi-solid surfaces to which a plurality of barcodes (e.g., stochasticbarcodes) may be attached. A solid support may encompass any type ofsolid, porous, or hollow sphere, ball, bearing, cylinder, or othersimilar configuration composed of plastic, ceramic, metal, or polymericmaterial (e.g., hydrogel) onto which a nucleic acid may be immobilized(e.g., covalently or non-covalently). A solid support may comprise adiscrete particle that may be spherical (e.g., microspheres) or have anon-spherical or irregular shape, such as cubic, cuboid, pyramidal,cylindrical, conical, oblong, or disc-shaped, and the like. A bead canbe non-spherical in shape. A plurality of solid supports spaced in anarray may not comprise a substrate. A solid support may be usedinterchangeably with the term “bead.”

As used herein, the term “stochastic barcode” refers to a polynucleotidesequence comprising labels of the present disclosure. A stochasticbarcode can be a polynucleotide sequence that can be used for stochasticbarcoding. Stochastic barcodes can be used to quantify targets within asample. Stochastic barcodes can be used to control for errors which mayoccur after a label is associated with a target. For example, astochastic barcode can be used to assess amplification or sequencingerrors. A stochastic barcode associated with a target can be called astochastic barcode-target or stochastic barcode-tag-target.

As used herein, the term “stochastic barcoding” refers to the randomlabeling (e.g., barcoding) of nucleic acids. Stochastic barcoding canutilize a recursive Poisson strategy to associate and quantify labelsassociated with targets. As used herein, the term “stochastic barcoding”can be used interchangeably with “stochastic labeling.”

As used here, the term “target” can refer to a composition which can beassociated with a barcode (e.g., a stochastic barcode). Exemplarysuitable targets for analysis by the disclosed methods, devices, andsystems include oligonucleotides, DNA, RNA, mRNA, microRNA, tRNA, andthe like. Targets can be single or double stranded. In some embodimentstargets can be proteins, polypeptides or peptides. In some embodimentstargets are lipids. As used herein, “target” can be used interchangeablywith “species.”

The term “reverse transcriptases” can refer to a group of enzymes havingreverse transcriptase activity (i.e., that catalyze synthesis of DNAfrom an RNA template). In general, such enzymes include, but are notlimited to, retroviral reverse transcriptase, retrotransposon reversetranscriptase, retroplasmid reverse transcriptases, retron reversetranscriptases, bacterial reverse transcriptases, group IIintron-derived reverse transcriptase, and mutants, variants orderivatives thereof. Non-retroviral reverse transcriptases includenon-LTR retrotransposon reverse transcriptases, retroplasmid reversetranscriptases, retron reverse transciptases, and group II intronreverse transcriptases. Examples of group II intron reversetranscriptases include the Lactococcus lactis LI.LtrB intron reversetranscriptase, the Thermosynechococcus elongatus TeI4c intron reversetranscriptase, or the Geobacillus stearothermophilus GsI-IIC intronreverse transcriptase. Other classes of reverse transcriptases caninclude many classes of non-retroviral reverse transcriptases (i.e.,retrons, group II introns, and diversity-generating retroelements amongothers).

The terms “universal adaptor primer,” “universal primer adaptor” or“universal adaptor sequence” are used interchangeably to refer to anucleotide sequence that can be used to hybridize to barcodes (e.g.,stochastic barcodes) to generate gene-specific barcodes. A universaladaptor sequence can, for example, be a known sequence that is universalacross all barcodes used in methods of the disclosure. For example, whenmultiple targets are being labeled using the methods disclosed herein,each of the target-specific sequences may be linked to the sameuniversal adaptor sequence. In some embodiments, more than one universaladaptor sequences may be used in the methods disclosed herein. Forexample, when multiple targets are being labeled using the methodsdisclosed herein, at least two of the target-specific sequences arelinked to different universal adaptor sequences. A universal adaptorprimer and its complement may be included in two oligonucleotides, oneof which comprises a target-specific sequence and the other comprises abarcode. For example, a universal adaptor sequence may be part of anoligonucleotide comprising a target-specific sequence to generate anucleotide sequence that is complementary to a target nucleic acid. Asecond oligonucleotide comprising a barcode and a complementary sequenceof the universal adaptor sequence may hybridize with the nucleotidesequence and generate a target-specific barcode (e.g., a target-specificstochastic barcode). In some embodiments, a universal adaptor primer hasa sequence that is different from a universal PCR primer used in themethods of this disclosure.

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide a plurality of compositionseach comprising a protein binding reagent conjugated with anoligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a uniqueidentifier for the protein binding reagent that it is conjugatedtherewith, and the protein binding reagent is capable of specificallybinding to a protein target. In some embodiments, the unique identifiercomprises a nucleotide sequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. In someembodiments, the unique identifier is selected from a diverse set ofunique identifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse set of uniqueidentifiers comprises at least 100 different unique identifiers. In someembodiments, the diverse set of unique identifiers comprises at least1,000 different unique identifiers. In some embodiments, the diverse setof unique identifiers comprises at least 10,000 different uniqueidentifiers. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositionscomprises a plurality of antibodies, a plurality of aptamers, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositionscomprises at least 100 different protein binding reagents. In someembodiments, the plurality of compositions comprises at least 100different protein binding reagents. In some embodiments, the pluralityof compositions comprises at least 1,000 different protein bindingreagents. In some embodiments, the plurality of compositions comprisesat least 10,000 different protein binding reagents. In some embodiments,the plurality of compositions comprises at least 10,000 differentprotein binding reagents. In some embodiments, each protein bindingreagent is conjugated with one or more oligonucleotides comprising atleast one barcode sequence (e.g., molecular label sequence) selectedfrom a set of at least 10 different barcode sequences. In someembodiments, each protein binding reagent is conjugated with one or moreoligonucleotides comprising at least one barcode sequence selected froma set of at least 100 different barcode sequences. In some embodiments,each protein binding reagent is conjugated with one or moreoligonucleotides comprising at least one barcode sequence selected froma set of at least 1,000 different barcode sequences. In someembodiments, the plurality of compositions is capable of specificallybinding to a plurality of protein targets. In some embodiments, theplurality of protein targets comprises a cell-surface protein, a cellmarker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, an antibody, a majorhistocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, a receptor, or anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of proteintargets comprises 10-400 different protein targets.

Barcodes

Barcoding, such as stochastic barcoding, has been described in, forexample, US20150299784, WO2015031691, and Fu et al, Proc Natl Acad SciU.S.A. 2011 May 31; 108(22):9026-31, the content of these publicationsis incorporated hereby in its entirety. In some embodiments, the barcodedisclosed herein can be a stochastic barcode which can be apolynucleotide sequence that may be used to stochastically label (e.g.,barcode, tag) a target. Barcodes can be referred to stochastic barcodesif the ratio of the number of different barcode sequences of thestochastic barcodes and the number of occurrence of any of the targetsto be labeled can be, or about, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1,9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1,30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, or a number or a rangebetween any two of these values. A target can be an mRNA speciescomprising mRNA molecules with identical or nearly identical sequences.Barcodes can be referred to as stochastic barcodes if the ratio of thenumber of different barcode sequences of the stochastic barcodes and thenumber of occurrence of any of the targets to be labeled is at least, orat most, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1,13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1,70:1, 80:1, 90:1, or 100:1. Barcode sequences of stochastic barcodes canbe referred to as molecular labels.

A barcode, for example a stochastic barcode, can comprise one or morelabels. Exemplary labels can include a universal label, a cell label, abarcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label), a sample label, a platelabel, a spatial label, and/or a pre-spatial label. FIG. 1 illustratesan exemplary barcode 104 with a spatial label. The barcode 104 cancomprise a 5′amine that may link the barcode to a solid support 105. Thebarcode can comprise a universal label, a dimension label, a spatiallabel, a cell label, and/or a molecular label. The order of differentlabels (including but not limited to the universal label, the dimensionlabel, the spatial label, the cell label, and the molecule label) in thebarcode can vary. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the universal labelmay be the 5′-most label, and the molecular label may be the 3′-mostlabel. The spatial label, dimension label, and the cell label may be inany order. In some embodiments, the universal label, the spatial label,the dimension label, the cell label, and the molecular label are in anyorder. The barcode can comprise a target-binding region. Thetarget-binding region can interact with a target (e.g., target nucleicacid, RNA, mRNA, DNA) in a sample. For example, a target-binding regioncan comprise an oligo(dT) sequence which can interact with poly(A) tailsof mRNAs. In some instances, the labels of the barcode (e.g., universallabel, dimension label, spatial label, cell label, and barcode sequence)may be separated by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 or more nucleotides.

A label, for example the cell label, can comprise a unique set ofnucleic acid sub-sequences of defined length, e.g. seven nucleotideseach (equivalent to the number of bits used in some Hamming errorcorrection codes), which can be designed to provide error correctioncapability. The set of error correction sub-sequences comprise sevennucleotide sequences can be designed such that any pairwise combinationof sequences in the set exhibits a defined “genetic distance” (or numberof mismatched bases), for example, a set of error correctionsub-sequences can be designed to exhibit a genetic distance of threenucleotides. In this case, review of the error correction sequences inthe set of sequence data for labeled target nucleic acid molecules(described more fully below) can allow one to detect or correctamplification or sequencing errors. In some embodiments, the length ofthe nucleic acid sub-sequences used for creating error correction codescan vary, for example, they can be, or be about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 31, 40, 50, or a number or a range between any two ofthese values, nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, nucleic acidsub-sequences of other lengths can be used for creating error correctioncodes.

The barcode can comprise a target-binding region. The target-bindingregion can interact with a target in a sample. The target can be, orcomprise, ribonucleic acids (RNAs), messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs,small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), RNA degradation products, RNAs eachcomprising a poly(A) tail, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the plurality of targets can include deoxyribonucleic acids(DNAs).

In some embodiments, a target-binding region can comprise an oligo(dT)sequence which can interact with poly(A) tails of mRNAs. One or more ofthe labels of the barcode (e.g., the universal label, the dimensionlabel, the spatial label, the cell label, and the barcode sequence(e.g., a molecular label)) can be separated by a spacer from another oneor two of the remaining labels of the barcode. The spacer can be, forexample, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,19, or 20 or more nucleotides. In some embodiments, none of the labelsof the barcode is separated by spacer.

Universal Labels

A barcode can comprise one or more universal labels. In someembodiments, the one or more universal labels can be the same for allbarcodes in the set of barcodes attached to a given solid support. Insome embodiments, the one or more universal labels can be the same forall barcodes attached to a plurality of beads. In some embodiments, auniversal label can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that is capable ofhybridizing to a sequencing primer. Sequencing primers can be used forsequencing barcodes comprising a universal label. Sequencing primers(e.g., universal sequencing primers) can comprise sequencing primersassociated with high-throughput sequencing platforms. In someembodiments, a universal label can comprise a nucleic acid sequence thatis capable of hybridizing to a PCR primer. In some embodiments, theuniversal label can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that is capable ofhybridizing to a sequencing primer and a PCR primer. The nucleic acidsequence of the universal label that is capable of hybridizing to asequencing or PCR primer can be referred to as a primer binding site. Auniversal label can comprise a sequence that can be used to initiatetranscription of the barcode. A universal label can comprise a sequencethat can be used for extension of the barcode or a region within thebarcode. A universal label can be, or be about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15,20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or a number or a range between any two ofthese values, nucleotides in length. For example, a universal label cancomprise at least about 10 nucleotides. A universal label can be atleast, or at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,100, 200, or 300 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a cleavablelinker or modified nucleotide can be part of the universal labelsequence to enable the barcode to be cleaved off from the support.

Dimension Labels

A barcode can comprise one or more dimension labels. In someembodiments, a dimension label can comprise a nucleic acid sequence thatprovides information about a dimension in which the labeling (e.g.,stochastic labeling) occurred. For example, a dimension label canprovide information about the time at which a target was stochasticallybarcoded. A dimension label can be associated with a time of barcoding(e.g., stochastic barcoding) in a sample. A dimension label can beactivated at the time of labeling. Different dimension labels can beactivated at different times. The dimension label provides informationabout the order in which targets, groups of targets, and/or samples werestochastically barcoded. For example, a population of cells can bestochastically barcoded at the G0 phase of the cell cycle. The cells canbe pulsed again with barcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes) at the G1phase of the cell cycle. The cells can be pulsed again with barcodes atthe S phase of the cell cycle, and so on. Barcodes at each pulse (e.g.,each phase of the cell cycle), can comprise different dimension labels.In this way, the dimension label provides information about whichtargets were labelled at which phase of the cell cycle. Dimension labelscan interrogate many different biological times. Exemplary biologicaltimes can include, but are not limited to, the cell cycle, transcription(e.g., transcription initiation), and transcript degradation. In anotherexample, a sample (e.g., a cell, a population of cells) can bestochastically labeled before and/or after treatment with a drug and/ortherapy. The changes in the number of copies of distinct targets can beindicative of the sample's response to the drug and/or therapy.

A dimension label can be activatable. An activatable dimension label canbe activated at a specific time point. The activatable label can be, forexample, constitutively activated (e.g., not turned off). Theactivatable dimension label can be, for example, reversibly activated(e.g., the activatable dimension label can be turned on and turned off).The dimension label can be, for example, reversibly activatable at least1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more times. The dimension label canbe reversibly activatable, for example, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, or 10 or more times. In some embodiments, the dimension label can beactivated with fluorescence, light, a chemical event (e.g., cleavage,ligation of another molecule, addition of modifications (e.g.,pegylated, sumoylated, acetylated, methylated, deacetylated,demethylated), a photochemical event (e.g., photocaging), andintroduction of a non-natural nucleotide.

The dimension label can, in some embodiments, be identical for allbarcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes) attached to a given solid support(e.g., bead), but different for different solid supports (e.g., beads).In some embodiments, at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or100% of barcodes on the same solid support can comprise the samedimension label. In some embodiments, at least 60% of barcodes on thesame solid support can comprise the same dimension label. In someembodiments, at least 95% of barcodes on the same solid support cancomprise the same dimension label.

There can be as many as 10⁶ or more unique dimension label sequencesrepresented in a plurality of solid supports (e.g., beads). A dimensionlabel can be, or be about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,50, or a number or a range between any two of these values, nucleotidesin length. A dimension label can be at least, or at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 100, 200, or 300 nucleotides inlength. A dimension label can comprise between about 5 to about 200nucleotides. A dimension label can comprise between about 10 to about150 nucleotides. A dimension label can comprise between about 20 toabout 125 nucleotides in length.

Spatial Labels

A barcode can comprise one or more spatial labels. In some embodiments,a spatial label can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that providesinformation about the spatial orientation of a target molecule which isassociated with the barcode. A spatial label can be associated with acoordinate in a sample. The coordinate can be a fixed coordinate. Forexample a coordinate can be fixed in reference to a substrate. A spatiallabel can be in reference to a two or three-dimensional grid. Acoordinate can be fixed in reference to a landmark. The landmark can beidentifiable in space. A landmark can be a structure which can beimaged. A landmark can be a biological structure, for example ananatomical landmark. A landmark can be a cellular landmark, for instancean organelle. A landmark can be a non-natural landmark such as astructure with an identifiable identifier such as a color code, barcode, magnetic property, fluorescents, radioactivity, or a unique sizeor shape. A spatial label can be associated with a physical partition(e.g. a well, a container, or a droplet). In some embodiments, multiplespatial labels are used together to encode one or more positions inspace.

The spatial label can be identical for all barcodes attached to a givensolid support (e.g., bead), but different for different solid supports(e.g., beads). In some embodiments, the percentage of barcodes on thesame solid support comprising the same spatial label can be, or beabout, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99%, 100%, or a number or arange between any two of these values. In some embodiments, thepercentage of barcodes on the same solid support comprising the samespatial label can be at least, or at most, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%,97%, 99%, or 100%. In some embodiments, at least 60% of barcodes on thesame solid support can comprise the same spatial label. In someembodiments, at least 95% of barcodes on the same solid support cancomprise the same spatial label.

There can be as many as 10⁶ or more unique spatial label sequencesrepresented in a plurality of solid supports (e.g., beads). A spatiallabel can be, or be about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,45, 50, or a number or a range between any two of these values,nucleotides in length. A spatial label can be at least or at most 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 100, 200, or 300nucleotides in length. A spatial label can comprise between about 5 toabout 200 nucleotides. A spatial label can comprise between about 10 toabout 150 nucleotides. A spatial label can comprise between about 20 toabout 125 nucleotides in length.

Cell Labels

A barcode can comprise one or more cell labels. In some embodiments, acell label can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that providesinformation for determining which target nucleic acid originated fromwhich cell. In some embodiments, the cell label is identical for allbarcodes attached to a given solid support (e.g., bead), but differentfor different solid supports (e.g., beads). In some embodiments, thepercentage of barcodes on the same solid support comprising the samecell label can be, or be about 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99%,100%, or a number or a range between any two of these values. In someembodiments, the percentage of barcodes on the same solid supportcomprising the same cell label can be, or be about 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%,90%, 95%, 97%, 99%, or 100%. For example, at least 60% of barcodes onthe same solid support can comprise the same cell label. As anotherexample, at least 95% of barcodes on the same solid support can comprisethe same cell label.

There can be as many as 10⁶ or more unique cell label sequencesrepresented in a plurality of solid supports (e.g., beads). A cell labelcan be, or be about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,or a number or a range between any two of these values, nucleotides inlength. A cell label can be at least, or at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15,20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 100, 200, or 300 nucleotides in length. Forexample, a cell label can comprise between about 5 to about 200nucleotides. As another example, a cell label can comprise between about10 to about 150 nucleotides. As yet another example, a cell label cancomprise between about 20 to about 125 nucleotides in length.

Barcode Sequences

A barcode can comprise one or more barcode sequences. In someembodiments, a barcode sequence can comprise a nucleic acid sequencethat provides identifying information for the specific type of targetnucleic acid species hybridized to the barcode. A barcode sequence cancomprise a nucleic acid sequence that provides a counter (e.g., thatprovides a rough approximation) for the specific occurrence of thetarget nucleic acid species hybridized to the barcode (e.g.,target-binding region).

In some embodiments, a diverse set of barcode sequences are attached toa given solid support (e.g., bead). In some embodiments, there can be,or be about, 10², 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, or a number or arange between any two of these values, unique molecular label sequences.For example, a plurality of barcodes can comprise about 6561 barcodessequences with distinct sequences. As another example, a plurality ofbarcodes can comprise about 65536 barcode sequences with distinctsequences. In some embodiments, there can be at least, or at most, 10²,10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, or 10⁹, unique barcode sequences. Theunique molecular label sequences can be attached to a given solidsupport (e.g., bead).

A barcode can be, or be about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,40, 45, 50, or a number or a range between any two of these values,nucleotides in length. A barcode can be at least, or at most, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 100, 200, or 300 nucleotidesin length.

Molecular Labels

A stochastic barcode can comprise one or more molecular labels.Molecular labels can include barcode sequences. In some embodiments, amolecular label can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that providesidentifying information for the specific type of target nucleic acidspecies hybridized to the stochastic barcode. A molecular label cancomprise a nucleic acid sequence that provides a counter for thespecific occurrence of the target nucleic acid species hybridized to thestochastic barcode (e.g., target-binding region).

In some embodiments, a diverse set of molecular labels are attached to agiven solid support (e.g., bead). In some embodiments, there can be, orbe about, 10², 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, or a number or a rangeof unique molecular label sequences. For example, a plurality ofstochastic barcodes can comprise about 6561 molecular labels withdistinct sequences. As another example, a plurality of stochasticbarcodes can comprise about 65536 molecular labels with distinctsequences. In some embodiments, there can be at least, or at most, 10²,10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, or 10⁹, unique molecular label sequences.Stochastic barcodes with the unique molecular label sequences can beattached to a given solid support (e.g., bead).

For stochastic barcoding using a plurality of stochastic barcodes, theratio of the number of different molecular label sequences and thenumber of occurrence of any of the targets can be, or about, 1:1, 2:1,3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1,16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1,100:1, or a number or a range between any two of these values. A targetcan be an mRNA species comprising mRNA molecules with identical ornearly identical sequences. In some embodiments, the ratio of the numberof different molecular label sequences and the number of occurrence ofany of the targets is at least, or at most, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1,6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1,18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 30:1, 40:1, 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, or 100:1.

A molecular label can be, or be about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25,30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or a number or a range between any two of thesevalues, nucleotides in length. A molecular label can be at least, or atmost, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 100, 200, or300 nucleotides in length.

Target-Binding Region

A barcode can comprise one or more target binding regions, such ascapture probes. In some embodiments, a target-binding region canhybridize with a target of interest. In some embodiments, the targetbinding regions can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizesspecifically to a target (e.g. target nucleic acid, target molecule,e.g., a cellular nucleic acid to be analyzed), for example to a specificgene sequence. In some embodiments, a target binding region can comprisea nucleic acid sequence that can attach (e.g., hybridize) to a specificlocation of a specific target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, thetarget binding region can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that iscapable of specific hybridization to a restriction enzyme site overhang(e.g. an EcoRI sticky-end overhang). The barcode can then ligate to anynucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence complementary to therestriction site overhang.

In some embodiments, a target binding region can comprise a non-specifictarget nucleic acid sequence. A non-specific target nucleic acidsequence can refer to a sequence that can bind to multiple targetnucleic acids, independent of the specific sequence of the targetnucleic acid. For example, target binding region can comprise a randommultimer sequence, or an oligo(dT) sequence that hybridizes to thepoly(A) tail on mRNA molecules. A random multimer sequence can be, forexample, a random dimer, trimer, quatramer, pentamer, hexamer, septamer,octamer, nonamer, decamer, or higher multimer sequence of any length. Insome embodiments, the target binding region is the same for all barcodesattached to a given bead. In some embodiments, the target bindingregions for the plurality of barcodes attached to a given bead cancomprise two or more different target binding sequences. A targetbinding region can be, or be about, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,50, or a number or a range between any two of these values, nucleotidesin length. A target binding region can be at most about 5, 10, 15, 20,25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, a target-binding region can comprise an oligo(dT)which can hybridize with mRNAs comprising polyadenylated ends. Atarget-binding region can be gene-specific. For example, atarget-binding region can be configured to hybridize to a specificregion of a target. A target-binding region can be, or be about, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24, 25, 26 27, 28, 29, 30, or a number or a range between any two ofthese values, nucleotides in length. A target-binding region can be atleast, or at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 28, 29, or 30,nucleotides in length. A target-binding region can be about 5-30nucleotides in length. When a barcode comprises a gene-specifictarget-binding region, the barcode can be referred to herein as agene-specific barcode.

Orientation Property

A barcode can comprise one or more orientation properties which can beused to orient (e.g., align) the barcodes. A barcode can comprise amoiety for isoelectric focusing. Different barcodes can comprisedifferent isoelectric focusing points. When these barcodes areintroduced to a sample, the sample can undergo isoelectric focusing inorder to orient the barcodes into a known way. In this way, theorientation property can be used to develop a known map of barcodes in asample. Exemplary orientation properties can include, electrophoreticmobility (e.g., based on size of the barcode), isoelectric point, spin,conductivity, and/or self-assembly. For example, barcodes with anorientation property of self-assembly, can self-assemble into a specificorientation (e.g., nucleic acid nanostructure) upon activation.

Affinity Property

A barcode can comprise one or more affinity properties. For example, aspatial label can comprise an affinity property. An affinity propertycan include a chemical and/or biological moiety that can facilitatebinding of the barcode to another entity (e.g., cell receptor). Forexample, an affinity property can comprise an antibody, for example, anantibody specific for a specific moiety (e.g., receptor) on a sample. Insome embodiments, the antibody can guide the barcode to a specific celltype or molecule. Targets at and/or near the specific cell type ormolecule can be stochastically labeled. The affinity property can, insome embodiments, provide spatial information in addition to thenucleotide sequence of the spatial label because the antibody can guidethe barcode to a specific location. The antibody can be a therapeuticantibody, for example a monoclonal antibody or a polyclonal antibody.The antibody can be humanized or chimeric. The antibody can be a nakedantibody or a fusion antibody.

The antibody can be a full-length (i.e., naturally occurring or formedby normal immunoglobulin gene fragment recombinatorial processes)immunoglobulin molecule (e.g., an IgG antibody) or an immunologicallyactive (i.e., specifically binding) portion of an immunoglobulinmolecule, like an antibody fragment.

The antibody fragment can be, for example, a portion of an antibody suchas F(ab′)2, Fab′, Fab, Fv, sFv and the like. In some embodiments, theantibody fragment can bind with the same antigen that is recognized bythe full-length antibody. The antibody fragment can include isolatedfragments consisting of the variable regions of antibodies, such as the“Fv” fragments consisting of the variable regions of the heavy and lightchains and recombinant single chain polypeptide molecules in which lightand heavy variable regions are connected by a peptide linker (“scFvproteins”). Exemplary antibodies can include, but are not limited to,antibodies for cancer cells, antibodies for viruses, antibodies thatbind to cell surface receptors (CD8, CD34, CD45), and therapeuticantibodies.

Universal Adaptor Primer

A barcode can comprise one or more universal adaptor primers. Forexample, a gene-specific barcode, such as a gene-specific stochasticbarcode, can comprise a universal adaptor primer. A universal adaptorprimer can refer to a nucleotide sequence that is universal across allbarcodes. A universal adaptor primer can be used for buildinggene-specific barcodes. A universal adaptor primer can be, or be about,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 28, 29, 30, or a number or a range betweenany two of these nucleotides in length. A universal adaptor primer canbe at least, or at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 27, 28, 29, or 30nucleotides in length. A universal adaptor primer can be from 5-30nucleotides in length.

Error Correction

The cell label and/or any label of the disclosure can further comprise aunique set of nucleic acid sub-sequences of defined length, e.g. 7nucleotides each (equivalent to the number of bits used in some Hammingerror correction codes), which are designed to provide error correctioncapability. Hamming codes, like other error-correcting codes, are basedon the principle of redundancy and can be constructed by addingredundant parity bits to data that is to be transmitted over a noisymedium. Such error-correcting codes can encode sample identifiers withredundant parity bits, and “transmit” these sample identifiers as codewords. A Hamming code can refer an arithmetic process that identifiesunique binary codes based upon inherent redundancy that are capable ofcorrecting single bit errors. For example, a Hamming code can be matchedwith a nucleic acid barcode in order to screen for single nucleotideerrors occurring during nucleic acid amplification. The identificationof a single nucleotide error by using a Hamming code, thereby can allowfor the correction of the nucleic acid barcode.

Hamming codes can be represented by a subset of the possible code wordsthat are chosen from the center of multidimensional spheres (i.e., forexample, hyperspheres) in a binary subspace. Single bit errors may fallwithin hyperspheres associated with a specific code word and can thus becorrected. On the other hand, double bit errors that do not associatewith a specific code word can be detected, but not corrected. Consider afirst hypersphere centered at coordinates (0, 0, 0) (i.e., for example,using an x-y-z coordinate system), wherein any single-bit error can becorrected by falling within a radius of 1 from the center coordinates;i.e., for example, single bit errors having the coordinates of (0, 0,0); (0, 1, 0); (0, 0, 1); (1, 0, 0), or (1, 1, 0). Likewise, a secondhypersphere may be constructed wherein single-bit errors can becorrected by falling within a radius of 1 of its center coordinates (1,1, 1) (i.e., for example, (1,1,1); (1, 0, 1); (0,1, 0); or (0, 1, 1)).

In some embodiments, the length of the nucleic acid sub-sequences usedfor creating error correction codes can vary, for example, they can beat least 3 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 15 nucleotides,or at least 31 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, nucleic acidsub-sequences of other lengths can be used for creating error correctioncodes.

Linker

When a barcode comprises more than one of a type of label (e.g., morethan one cell label or more than one barcode sequence, such as onemolecular label), the labels may be interspersed with a linker labelsequence. A linker label sequence can be at least about 5, 10, 15, 20,25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 or more nucleotides in length. A linker labelsequence can be at most about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 ormore nucleotides in length. In some instances, a linker label sequenceis 12 nucleotides in length. A linker label sequence can be used tofacilitate the synthesis of the barcode. The linker label can comprisean error-correcting (e.g., Hamming) code.

Solid Supports

Barcodes, such as stochastic barcodes, disclosed herein can, in someembodiments, be associated with a solid support. The solid support canbe, for example, a synthetic particle. In some embodiments, some or allof the barcode sequence, such as molecular labels for stochasticbarcodes (e.g., the first barcode sequences) of a plurality of barcodes(e.g., the first plurality of barcodes) on a solid support differ by atleast one nucleotide. The cell labels of the barcodes on the same solidsupport can be the same. The cell labels of the barcodes on differentsolid supports can differ by at least one nucleotide. For example, firstcell labels of a first plurality of barcodes on a first solid supportcan have the same sequence, and second cell labels of a second pluralityof barcodes on a second solid support can have the same sequence. Thefirst cell labels of the first plurality of barcodes on the first solidsupport and the second cell labels of the second plurality of barcodeson the second solid support can differ by at least one nucleotide. Acell label can be, for example, about 5-20 nucleotides long. A barcodesequence can be, for example, about 5-20 nucleotides long. The syntheticparticle can be, for example, a bead.

The bead can be, for example, a silica gel bead, a controlled pore glassbead, a magnetic bead, a Dynabead, a Sephadex/Sepharose bead, acellulose bead, a polystyrene bead, or any combination thereof. The beadcan comprise a material such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS),polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose, gelatin, hydrogel,paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene, acrylic polymer,titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the bead can be a polymeric bead, for example adeformable bead or a gel bead, functionalized with barcodes orstochastic barcodes (such as gel beads from 10× Genomics (San Francisco,Calif.). In some implementation, a gel bead can comprise a polymer basedgels. Gel beads can be generated, for example, by encapsulating one ormore polymeric precursors into droplets. Upon exposure of the polymericprecursors to an accelerator (e.g., tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)),a gel bead may be generated.

In some embodiments, the particle can be degradable. For example, thepolymeric bead can dissolve, melt, or degrade, for example, under adesired condition. The desired condition can include an environmentalcondition. The desired condition may result in the polymeric beaddissolving, melting, or degrading in a controlled manner. A gel bead maydissolve, melt, or degrade due to a chemical stimulus, a physicalstimulus, a biological stimulus, a thermal stimulus, a magneticstimulus, an electric stimulus, a light stimulus, or any combinationthereof.

Analytes and/or reagents, such as oligonucleotide barcodes, for example,may be coupled/immobilized to the interior surface of a gel bead (e.g.,the interior accessible via diffusion of an oligonucleotide barcodeand/or materials used to generate an oligonucleotide barcode) and/or theouter surface of a gel bead or any other microcapsule described herein.Coupling/immobilization may be via any form of chemical bonding (e.g.,covalent bond, ionic bond) or physical phenomena (e.g., Van der Waalsforces, dipole-dipole interactions, etc.). In some embodiments,coupling/immobilization of a reagent to a gel bead or any othermicrocapsule described herein may be reversible, such as, for example,via a labile moiety (e.g., via a chemical cross-linker, includingchemical cross-linkers described herein). Upon application of astimulus, the labile moiety may be cleaved and the immobilized reagentset free. In some embodiments, the labile moiety is a disulfide bond.For example, in the case where an oligonucleotide barcode is immobilizedto a gel bead via a disulfide bond, exposure of the disulfide bond to areducing agent can cleave the disulfide bond and free theoligonucleotide barcode from the bead. The labile moiety may be includedas part of a gel bead or microcapsule, as part of a chemical linker thatlinks a reagent or analyte to a gel bead or microcapsule, and/or as partof a reagent or analyte. In some embodiments, at least one barcode ofthe plurality of barcodes can be immobilized on the particle, partiallyimmobilized on the particle, enclosed in the particle, partiallyenclosed in the particle, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, a gel bead can comprise a wide range of differentpolymers including but not limited to: polymers, heat sensitivepolymers, photosensitive polymers, magnetic polymers, pH sensitivepolymers, salt-sensitive polymers, chemically sensitive polymers,polyelectrolytes, polysaccharides, peptides, proteins, and/or plastics.Polymers may include but are not limited to materials such aspoly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS),poly(allyl amine) (PAAm), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(ethylene imine)(PEI), poly(diallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), poly(pyrolle)(PPy), poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVPON), poly(vinyl pyridine) (PVP),poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA),polystyrene (PS), poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF), poly(phthaladehyde)(PTHF), poly(hexyl viologen) (PHV), poly(L-lysine) (PLL),poly(L-arginine) (PARG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).

Numerous chemical stimuli can be used to trigger the disruption,dissolution, or degradation of the beads. Examples of these chemicalchanges may include, but are not limited to pH-mediated changes to thebead wall, disintegration of the bead wall via chemical cleavage ofcrosslink bonds, triggered depolymerization of the bead wall, and beadwall switching reactions. Bulk changes may also be used to triggerdisruption of the beads.

Bulk or physical changes to the microcapsule through various stimulialso offer many advantages in designing capsules to release reagents.Bulk or physical changes occur on a macroscopic scale, in which beadrupture is the result of mechano-physical forces induced by a stimulus.These processes may include, but are not limited to pressure inducedrupture, bead wall melting, or changes in the porosity of the bead wall.

Biological stimuli may also be used to trigger disruption, dissolution,or degradation of beads. Generally, biological triggers resemblechemical triggers, but many examples use biomolecules, or moleculescommonly found in living systems such as enzymes, peptides, saccharides,fatty acids, nucleic acids and the like. For example, beads may comprisepolymers with peptide cross-links that are sensitive to cleavage byspecific proteases. More specifically, one example may comprise amicrocapsule comprising GFLGK peptide cross links. Upon addition of abiological trigger such as the protease Cathepsin B, the peptide crosslinks of the shell well are cleaved and the contents of the beads arereleased. In other cases, the proteases may be heat-activated. Inanother example, beads comprise a shell wall comprising cellulose.Addition of the hydrolytic enzyme chitosan serves as biologic triggerfor cleavage of cellulosic bonds, depolymerization of the shell wall,and release of its inner contents.

The beads may also be induced to release their contents upon theapplication of a thermal stimulus. A change in temperature can cause avariety changes to the beads. A change in heat may cause melting of abead such that the bead wall disintegrates. In other cases, the heat mayincrease the internal pressure of the inner components of the bead suchthat the bead ruptures or explodes. In still other cases, the heat maytransform the bead into a shrunken dehydrated state. The heat may alsoact upon heat-sensitive polymers within the wall of a bead to causedisruption of the bead.

Inclusion of magnetic nanoparticles to the bead wall of microcapsulesmay allow triggered rupture of the beads as well as guide the beads inan array. A device of this disclosure may comprise magnetic beads foreither purpose. In one example, incorporation of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticlesinto polyelectrolyte containing beads triggers rupture in the presenceof an oscillating magnetic field stimulus.

A bead may also be disrupted, dissolved, or degraded as the result ofelectrical stimulation. Similar to magnetic particles described in theprevious section, electrically sensitive beads can allow for bothtriggered rupture of the beads as well as other functions such asalignment in an electric field, electrical conductivity or redoxreactions. In one example, beads containing electrically sensitivematerial are aligned in an electric field such that release of innerreagents can be controlled. In other examples, electrical fields mayinduce redox reactions within the bead wall itself that may increaseporosity.

A light stimulus may also be used to disrupt the beads. Numerous lighttriggers are possible and may include systems that use various moleculessuch as nanoparticles and chromophores capable of absorbing photons ofspecific ranges of wavelengths. For example, metal oxide coatings can beused as capsule triggers. UV irradiation of polyelectrolyte capsulescoated with SiO₂ may result in disintegration of the bead wall. In yetanother example, photo switchable materials such as azobenzene groupsmay be incorporated in the bead wall. Upon the application of UV orvisible light, chemicals such as these undergo a reversible cis-to-transisomerization upon absorption of photons. In this aspect, incorporationof photon switches result in a bead wall that may disintegrate or becomemore porous upon the application of a light trigger.

For example, in a non-limiting example of barcoding (e.g., stochasticbarcoding) illustrated in FIG. 2, after introducing cells such as singlecells onto a plurality of microwells of a microwell array at block 208,beads can be introduced onto the plurality of microwells of themicrowell array at block 212. Each microwell can comprise one bead. Thebeads can comprise a plurality of barcodes. A barcode can comprise a 5′amine region attached to a bead. The barcode can comprise a universallabel, a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label), a target-bindingregion, or any combination thereof.

The barcodes disclosed herein can be associated with (e.g., attached to)a solid support (e.g., a bead). The barcodes associated with a solidsupport can each comprise a barcode sequence selected from a groupcomprising at least 100 or 1000 barcode sequences with unique sequences.In some embodiments, different barcodes associated with a solid supportcan comprise barcode sequences of different sequences. In someembodiments, a percentage of barcodes associated with a solid supportcomprises the same cell label. For example, the percentage can be, or beabout 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99%, 100%, or a number or arange between any two of these values. As another example, thepercentage can be at least, or at most 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%,97%, 99%, or 100%. In some embodiments, barcodes associated with a solidsupport can have the same cell label. The barcodes associated withdifferent solid supports can have different cell labels selected from agroup comprising at least 100 or 1000 cell labels with unique sequences.

The barcodes disclosed herein can be associated to (e.g., attached to) asolid support (e.g., a bead). In some embodiments, stochasticallybarcoding the plurality of targets in the sample can be performed with asolid support including a plurality of synthetic particles associatedwith the plurality of barcodes. In some embodiments, the solid supportcan include a plurality of synthetic particles associated with theplurality of barcodes. The spatial labels of the plurality of barcodeson different solid supports can differ by at least one nucleotide. Thesolid support can, for example, include the plurality of barcodes in twodimensions or three dimensions. The synthetic particles can be beads.The beads can be silica gel beads, controlled pore glass beads, magneticbeads, Dynabeads, Sephadex/Sepharose beads, cellulose beads, polystyrenebeads, or any combination thereof. The solid support can include apolymer, a matrix, a hydrogel, a needle array device, an antibody, orany combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solid supports can befree floating. In some embodiments, the solid supports can be embeddedin a semi-solid or solid array. The barcodes may not be associated withsolid supports. The barcodes can be individual nucleotides. The barcodescan be associated with a substrate.

As used herein, the terms “tethered,” “attached,” and “immobilized” areused interchangeably, and can refer to covalent or non-covalent meansfor attaching barcodes to a solid support. Any of a variety of differentsolid supports can be used as solid supports for attachingpre-synthesized barcodes or for in situ solid-phase synthesis ofbarcodes.

In some embodiments, the solid support is a bead. The bead can compriseone or more types of solid, porous, or hollow sphere, ball, bearing,cylinder, or other similar configuration which a nucleic acid can beimmobilized (e.g., covalently or non-covalently). The bead can be, forexample, composed of plastic, ceramic, metal, polymeric material, or anycombination thereof. A bead can be, or comprise, a discrete particlethat is spherical (e.g., microspheres) or have a non-spherical orirregular shape, such as cubic, cuboid, pyramidal, cylindrical, conical,oblong, or disc-shaped, and the like. In some embodiments, a bead can benon-spherical in shape.

Beads can comprise a variety of materials including, but not limited to,paramagnetic materials (e.g. magnesium, molybdenum, lithium, andtantalum), superparamagnetic materials (e.g. ferrite (Fe₃O₄; magnetite)nanoparticles), ferromagnetic materials (e.g. iron, nickel, cobalt, somealloys thereof, and some rare earth metal compounds), ceramic, plastic,glass, polystyrene, silica, methylstyrene, acrylic polymers, titanium,latex, Sepharose, agarose, hydrogel, polymer, cellulose, nylon, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the bead (e.g., the bead to which the labels areattached) is a hydrogel bead. In some embodiments, the bead compriseshydrogel.

Some embodiments disclosed herein include one or more particles (forexample beads). Each of the particles can comprise a plurality ofoligonucleotides (e.g., barcodes). Each of the plurality ofoligonucleotides can comprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecularlabel), a cell label, and a target-binding region (e.g., an oligo(dT)sequence, a gene-specific sequence, a random multimer, or a combinationthereof). The cell label sequence of each of the plurality ofoligonucleotides can be the same. The cell label sequences ofoligonucleotides on different particles can be different such that theoligonucleotides on different particles can be identified. The number ofdifferent cell label sequences can be different in differentimplementations. In some embodiments, the number of cell label sequencescan be, or about 10, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000,2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 20000, 30000,40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, anumber or a range between any two of these values, or more. In someembodiments, the number of cell label sequences can be at least, or atmost 10, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000,4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000,60000, 70000, 80000, 90000, 100000, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, or 10⁹. In someembodiments, no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, ormore of the plurality of the particles include oligonucleotides with thesame cell sequence. In some embodiment, the plurality of particles thatinclude oligonucleotides with the same cell sequence can be at most0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%,5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% or more. In some embodiments, none of theplurality of the particles has the same cell label sequence.

The plurality of oligonucleotides on each particle can comprisedifferent barcode sequences (e.g., molecular labels). In someembodiments, the number of barcode sequences can be, or about 10, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000,6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000,80000, 90000, 100000, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, or a number or a range betweenany two of these values. In some embodiments, the number of barcodesequences can be at least, or at most 10, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600,700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000,10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000, 100000,10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, or 10⁹. For example, at least 100 of the plurality ofoligonucleotides comprise different barcode sequences. As anotherexample, in a single particle, at least 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000,15000, 20000, 50000, a number or a range between any two of thesevalues, or more of the plurality of oligonucleotides comprise differentbarcode sequences. Some embodiments provide a plurality of the particlescomprising barcodes. In some embodiments, the ratio of an occurrence (ora copy or a number) of a target to be labeled and the different barcodesequences can be at least 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9,1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:30,1:40, 1:50, 1:60, 1:70, 1:80, 1:90, or more. In some embodiments, eachof the plurality of oligonucleotides further comprises a sample label, auniversal label, or both. The particle can be, for example, ananoparticle or microparticle.

The size of the beads can vary. For example, the diameter of the beadcan range from 0.1 micrometer to 50 micrometer. In some embodiments, thediameter of the bead can be, or be about, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 micrometer, or a number or a range between anytwo of these values.

The diameters of the bead can be related to the diameter of the wells ofthe substrate. In some embodiments, the diameters of the bead can be, orbe about, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, or a numberor a range between any two of these values, longer or shorter than thediameter of the well. The diameter of the beads can be related to thediameter of a cell (e.g., a single cell entrapped by a well of thesubstrate). In some embodiments, the diameters of the bead can be atleast, or at most, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%longer or shorter than the diameter of the well. The diameter of thebeads can be related to the diameter of a cell (e.g., a single cellentrapped by a well of the substrate). In some embodiments, thediameters of the beads can be, or be about, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%,60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300%, or a number or a rangebetween any two of these values, longer or shorter than the diameter ofthe cell. In some embodiments, the diameters of the beads can be atleast, or at most, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%,150%, 200%, 250%, or 300% longer or shorter than the diameter of thecell.

A bead can be attached to and/or embedded in a substrate. A bead can beattached to and/or embedded in a gel, hydrogel, polymer and/or matrix.The spatial position of a bead within a substrate (e.g., gel, matrix,scaffold, or polymer) can be identified using the spatial label presenton the barcode on the bead which can serve as a location address.

Examples of beads can include, but are not limited to, streptavidinbeads, agarose beads, magnetic beads, Dynabeads®, MACS® microbeads,antibody conjugated beads (e.g., anti-immunoglobulin microbeads),protein A conjugated beads, protein G conjugated beads, protein A/Gconjugated beads, protein L conjugated beads, oligo(dT) conjugatedbeads, silica beads, silica-like beads, anti-biotin microbeads,anti-fluorochrome microbeads, and BcMag™ Carboxyl-Terminated MagneticBeads.

A bead can be associated with (e.g. impregnated with) quantum dots orfluorescent dyes to make it fluorescent in one fluorescence opticalchannel or multiple optical channels. A bead can be associated with ironoxide or chromium oxide to make it paramagnetic or ferromagnetic. Beadscan be identifiable. For example, a bead can be imaged using a camera. Abead can have a detectable code associated with the bead. For example, abead can comprise a barcode. A bead can change size, for example due toswelling in an organic or inorganic solution. A bead can be hydrophobic.A bead can be hydrophilic. A bead can be biocompatible.

A solid support (e.g., bead) can be visualized. The solid support cancomprise a visualizing tag (e.g., fluorescent dye). A solid support(e.g., bead) can be etched with an identifier (e.g., a number). Theidentifier can be visualized through imaging the beads.

A solid support can comprise an insoluble, semi-soluble, or insolublematerial. A solid support can be referred to as “functionalized” when itincludes a linker, a scaffold, a building block, or other reactivemoiety attached thereto, whereas a solid support may be“nonfunctionalized” when it lack such a reactive moiety attachedthereto. The solid support can be employed free in solution, such as ina microtiter well format; in a flow-through format, such as in a column;or in a dipstick.

The solid support can comprise a membrane, paper, plastic, coatedsurface, flat surface, glass, slide, chip, or any combination thereof. Asolid support can take the form of resins, gels, microspheres, or othergeometric configurations. A solid support can comprise silica chips,microparticles, nanoparticles, plates, arrays, capillaries, flatsupports such as glass fiber filters, glass surfaces, metal surfaces(steel, gold silver, aluminum, silicon and copper), glass supports,plastic supports, silicon supports, chips, filters, membranes, microwellplates, slides, plastic materials including multiwell plates ormembranes (e.g., formed of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide,polyvinylidenedifluoride), and/or wafers, combs, pins or needles (e.g.,arrays of pins suitable for combinatorial synthesis or analysis) orbeads in an array of pits or nanoliter wells of flat surfaces such aswafers (e.g., silicon wafers), wafers with pits with or without filterbottoms.

The solid support can comprise a polymer matrix (e.g., gel, hydrogel).The polymer matrix may be able to permeate intracellular space (e.g.,around organelles). The polymer matrix may able to be pumped throughoutthe circulatory system.

A solid support can be a biological molecule. For example a solidsupport can be a nucleic acid, a protein, an antibody, a histone, acellular compartment, a lipid, a carbohydrate, and the like. Solidsupports that are biological molecules can be amplified, translated,transcribed, degraded, and/or modified (e.g., pegylated, sumoylated,acetylated, methylated). A solid support that is a biological moleculecan provide spatial and time information in addition to the spatiallabel that is attached to the biological molecule. For example, abiological molecule can comprise a first confirmation when unmodified,but can change to a second confirmation when modified. The differentconformations can expose barcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes) of thedisclosure to targets. For example, a biological molecule can comprisebarcodes that are inaccessible due to folding of the biologicalmolecule. Upon modification of the biological molecule (e.g.,acetylation), the biological molecule can change conformation to exposethe barcodes. The timing of the modification can provide another timedimension to the method of barcoding of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, the biological molecule comprising barcode reagentsof the disclosure can be located in the cytoplasm of a cell. Uponactivation, the biological molecule can move to the nucleus, whereuponbarcoding can take place. In this way, modification of the biologicalmolecule can encode additional space-time information for the targetsidentified by the barcodes.

Substrates and Microwell Array

As used herein, a substrate can refer to a type of solid support. Asubstrate can refer to a solid support that can comprise barcodes andstochastic barcodes of the disclosure. A substrate can, for example,comprise a plurality of microwells. For example, a substrate can be awell array comprising two or more microwells. In some embodiments, amicrowell can comprise a small reaction chamber of defined volume. Insome embodiments, a microwell can entrap one or more cells. In someembodiments, a microwell can entrap only one cell. In some embodiments,a microwell can entrap one or more solid supports. In some embodiments,a microwell can entrap only one solid support. In some embodiments, amicrowell entraps a single cell and a single solid support (e.g., bead).A microwell can comprise combinatorial barcode reagents of thedisclosure.

The microwells of the array can be fabricated in a variety of shapes andsizes. Well geometries can include, but are not limited to, cylindrical,conical, hemispherical, rectangular, or polyhedral (e.g., threedimensional geometries comprised of several planar faces, for example,hexagonal columns, octagonal columns, inverted triangular pyramids,inverted square pyramids, inverted pentagonal pyramids, invertedhexagonal pyramids, or inverted truncated pyramids). The microwells cancomprise a shape that combines two or more of these geometries. Forexample, a microwell can be partly cylindrical, with the remainderhaving the shape of an inverted cone. A microwell can include twoside-by-side cylinders, one of larger diameter (e.g. that correspondsroughly to the diameter of the beads) than the other (e.g. thatcorresponds roughly to the diameter of the cells), that are connected bya vertical channel (that is, parallel to the cylinder axes) that extendsthe full length (depth) of the cylinders. The opening of the microwellcan be at the upper surface of the substrate. The opening of themicrowell can be at the lower surface of the substrate. The closed end(or bottom) of the microwell can be flat. The closed end (or bottom) ofthe microwell can have a curved surface (e.g., convex or concave). Theshape and/or size of the microwell can be determined based on the typesof cells or solid supports to be trapped within the microwells.

The portion of the substrate between the wells can have a topology. Forexample, the portion of the substrate between the wells can be rounded.The portion of the substrate between the wells can be pointed. Thespacing portion of the substrate between the wells can be flat. Theportion of the substrate between the wells may not be flat. In someinstances, the portion of the substrate between wells is rounded. Inother words, the portion of the substrate that does not comprise a wellcan have a curved surface. The curved surface can be fabricated suchthat the highest point (e.g., apex) of the curved surface may be at thefurthest point between the edges of two or more wells (e.g., equidistantfrom the wells). The curved surface can be fabricated such that thestart of the curved surface is at the edge of a first microwell andcreates a parabola that ends at the end of a second microwell. Thisparabola can be extended in 2 dimensions to capture microwells nearby onthe hexagonal grid of wells. The curved surface can be fabricated suchthat the surface between the wells is higher and/or curved than theplane of the opening of the well. The height of the curved surface canbe, or be at least, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6,6.5, or 7 or more micrometers. In some embodiments, the height of thecurved surface can be at most 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5,5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, or 7 or more micrometers.

Microwell dimensions can be characterized in terms of the diameter anddepth of the well. As used herein, the diameter of the microwell refersto the largest circle that can be inscribed within the planarcross-section of the microwell geometry. The diameter of the microwellscan range from about 1-fold to about 10-fold the diameter of the cellsor solid supports to be trapped within the microwells. The microwelldiameter can be, or be at least, 1-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, or at least10-fold the diameter of the cells or solid supports to be trapped withinthe microwells. In some embodiments, the microwell diameter can be atmost 10-fold, at most 5-fold, at most 4-fold, at most 3-fold, at most2-fold, at most 1.5-fold, or at most 1-fold the diameter of the cells orsolid supports to be trapped within the microwells. The microwelldiameter can be about 2.5-fold the diameter of the cells or solidsupports to be trapped within the microwells.

The diameter of the microwells can be specified in terms of absolutedimensions. The diameter of the microwells can range from about 5 toabout 60 micrometers. The microwell diameter can be, or be at least, 5micrometers, at least 10 micrometers, at least 15 micrometers, at least20 micrometers, at least 25 micrometers, at least 30 micrometers, atleast 35 micrometers, at least 40 micrometers, at least 45 micrometers,at least 50 micrometers, or at least 60 micrometers. The microwelldiameter can be at most 60 micrometers, at most 50 micrometers, at most45 micrometers, at most 40 micrometers, at most 35 micrometers, at most30 micrometers, at most 25 micrometers, at most 20 micrometers, at most15 micrometers, at most 10 micrometers, or at most 5 micrometers. Themicrowell diameter can be about 30 micrometers.

The microwell depth may be chosen to provide efficient trapping of cellsand solid supports. The microwell depth may be chosen to provideefficient exchange of assay buffers and other reagents contained withinthe wells. The ratio of diameter to height (i.e. aspect ratio) may bechosen such that once a cell and solid support settle inside amicrowell, they will not be displaced by fluid motion above themicrowell. The dimensions of the microwell may be chosen such that themicrowell has sufficient space to accommodate a solid support and a cellof various sizes without being dislodged by fluid motion above themicrowell. The depth of the microwells can range from about 1-fold toabout 10-fold the diameter of the cells or solid supports to be trappedwithin the microwells. The microwell depth can be, or be at least,1-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least4-fold, at least 5-fold, or at least 10-fold the diameter of the cellsor solid supports to be trapped within the microwells. The microwelldepth can be at most 10-fold, at most 5-fold, at most 4-fold, at most3-fold, at most 2-fold, at most 1.5-fold, or at most 1-fold the diameterof the cells or solid supports to be trapped within the microwells. Themicrowell depth can be about 2.5-fold the diameter of the cells or solidsupports to be trapped within the microwells.

The depth of the microwells can be specified in terms of absolutedimensions. The depth of the microwells may range from about 10 to about60 micrometers. The microwell depth can be, or be at least, 10micrometers, at least 20 micrometers, at least 25 micrometers, at least30 micrometers, at least 35 micrometers, at least 40 micrometers, atleast 50 micrometers, or at least 60 micrometers. The microwell depthcan be at most 60 micrometers, at most 50 micrometers, at most 40micrometers, at most 35 micrometers, at most 30 micrometers, at most 25micrometers, at most 20 micrometers, or at most 10 micrometers. Themicrowell depth can be about 30 micrometers.

The volume of the microwells used in the methods, devices, and systemsof the present disclosure can range from about 200 micrometers³ to about120,000 micrometers³. The microwell volume can be at least 200micrometers³, at least 500 micrometers³, at least 1,000 micrometers³, atleast 10,000 micrometers³, at least 25,000 micrometers³, at least 50,000micrometers³, at least 100,000 micrometers³, or at least 120,000micrometers³. The microwell volume can be at most 120,000 micrometers³,at most 100,000 micrometers³, at most 50,000 micrometers³, at most25,000 micrometers³, at most 10,000 micrometers³, at most 1,000micrometers³, at most 500 micrometers³, or at most 200 micrometers³. Themicrowell volume can be about 25,000 micrometers³. The microwell volumemay fall within any range bounded by any of these values (e.g. fromabout 18,000 micrometers³ to about 30,000 micrometers³).

The volume of the microwell can be, or be at least, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25,30, 35 40, 45 or 50 or more nanoliters³. The volume of the microwell canbe at most 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 40, 45 or 50 or more nanoliters³.The volume of liquid that can fit in the microwell can be at least 5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 40, 45 or 50 or more nanoliters³. The volume ofliquid that can fit in the microwell can be at most 5, 10, 15, 20, 25,30, 35 40, 45 or 50 or more nanoliters³. The volume of the microwell canbe, or be at least, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 40, 45 or 50 or morepicoliters³. The volume of the microwell can be at most 5, 10, 15, 20,25, 30, 35 40, 45 or 50 or more picoliters³. The volume of liquid thatcan fit in the microwell can be at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 40,45 or 50 or more picoliters³. The volume of liquid that can fit in themicrowell can be at most 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 40, 45 or 50 or morepicoliters³.

The volumes of the microwells used in the methods, devices, and systemsof the present disclosure may be further characterized in terms of thevariation in volume from one microwell to another. The coefficient ofvariation (expressed as a percentage) for microwell volume may rangefrom about 1% to about 10%. The coefficient of variation for microwellvolume may be at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, atleast 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, or atleast 10%. The coefficient of variation for microwell volume may be atmost 10%, at most 9%, at most 8%, at most 7%, at most 6%, at most 5%, atmost 4%, at most 3%, at most 2%, or at most 1%. The coefficient ofvariation for microwell volume may have any value within a rangeencompassed by these values, for example between about 1.5% and about6.5%. In some embodiments, the coefficient of variation of microwellvolume may be about 2.5%.

The ratio of the volume of the microwells to the surface area of thebeads (or to the surface area of a solid support to which barcodeoligonucleotides may be attached) used in the methods, devices, andsystems of the present disclosure can range from about 2.5 to about1,520 micrometers. The ratio can be at least 2.5, at least 5, at least10, at least 100, at least 500, at least 750, at least 1,000, or atleast 1,520. The ratio can be at most 1,520, at most 1,000, at most 750,at most 500, at most 100, at most 10, at most 5, or at most 2.5. Theratio can be about 67.5. The ratio of microwell volume to the surfacearea of the bead (or solid support used for immobilization) may fallwithin any range bounded by any of these values (e.g. from about 30 toabout 120).

The wells of the microwell array can be arranged in a one dimensional,two dimensional, or three-dimensional array. In some embodiments, athree dimensional array can be achieved, for example, by stacking aseries of two or more two dimensional arrays (that is, by stacking twoor more substrates comprising microwell arrays).

The pattern and spacing between microwells can be chosen to optimize theefficiency of trapping a single cell and single solid support (e.g.,bead) in each well, as well as to maximize the number of wells per unitarea of the array. The microwells may be distributed according to avariety of random or non-random patterns. For example, they may bedistributed entirely randomly across the surface of the array substrate,or they may be arranged in a square grid, rectangular grid, hexagonalgrid, or the like. In some instances, the microwells are arrangedhexagonally. The center-to-center distance (or spacing) between wellsmay vary from about 5 micrometers to about 75 micrometers. In someinstances, the spacing between microwells is about 10 micrometers. Inother embodiments, the spacing between wells is at least 5 micrometers,at least 10 micrometers, at least 15 micrometers, at least 20micrometers, at least 25 micrometers, at least 30 micrometers, at least35 micrometers, at least 40 micrometers, at least 45 micrometers, atleast 50 micrometers, at least 55 micrometers, at least 60 micrometers,at least 65 micrometers, at least 70 micrometers, or at least 75micrometers. The microwell spacing can be at most 75 micrometers, atmost 70 micrometers, at most 65 micrometers, at most 60 micrometers, atmost 55 micrometers, at most 50 micrometers, at most 45 micrometers, atmost 40 micrometers, at most 35 micrometers, at most 30 micrometers, atmost 25 micrometers, at most 20 micrometers, at most 15 micrometers, atmost 10 micrometers, at most 5 micrometers. The microwell spacing can beabout 55 micrometers. The microwell spacing may fall within any rangebounded by any of these values (e.g. from about 18 micrometers to about72 micrometers).

The microwell array may comprise surface features between the microwellsthat are designed to help guide cells and solid supports into the wellsand/or prevent them from settling on the surfaces between wells.Examples of suitable surface features can include, but are not limitedto, domed, ridged, or peaked surface features that encircle the wells orstraddle the surface between wells.

The total number of wells in the microwell array can be determined bythe pattern and spacing of the wells and the overall dimensions of thearray. The number of microwells in the array can range from about 96 toabout 5,000,000 or more. The number of microwells in the array can be atleast 96, at least 384, at least 1,536, at least 5,000, at least 10,000,at least 25,000, at least 50,000, at least 75,000, at least 100,000, atleast 500,000, at least 1,000,000, or at least 5,000,000. The number ofmicrowells in the array can be at most 5,000,000, at most 1,000,000, atmost 75,000, at most 50,000, at most 25,000, at most 10,000, at most5,000, at most 1,536, at most 384, or at most 96 wells. The number ofmicrowells in the array can be about 96, 384, and/or 1536. The number ofmicrowells can be about 150,000. The number of microwells in the arraymay fall within any range bounded by any of these values (e.g. fromabout 100 to 325,000).

Microwell arrays may be fabricated using any of a number of fabricationtechniques. Examples of fabrication methods that may be used include,but are not limited to, bulk micromachining techniques such asphotolithography and wet chemical etching, plasma etching, or deepreactive ion etching; micro-molding and micro-embossing; lasermicromachining; 3D printing or other direct write fabrication processesusing curable materials; and similar techniques.

Microwell arrays can be fabricated from any of a number of substratematerials. The choice of material can depend on the choice offabrication technique, and vice versa. Examples of suitable materialscan include, but are not limited to, silicon, fused-silica, glass,polymers (e.g. agarose, gelatin, hydrogels, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS;elastomer), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC),polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE),polyimide, cyclic olefin polymers (COP), cyclic olefin copolymers (COC),polyethylene terephthalate (PET), epoxy resins, thiol-ene based resins,metals or metal films (e.g. aluminum, stainless steel, copper, nickel,chromium, and titanium), and the like. In some instances, the microwellcomprises optical adhesive. In some instances, the microwell is made outof optical adhesive. In some instances, the microwell array comprisesand/or is made out of PDMS. In some instances, the microwell is made ofplastic. A hydrophilic material can be desirable for fabrication of themicrowell arrays (e.g. to enhance wettability and minimize non-specificbinding of cells and other biological material). Hydrophobic materialsthat can be treated or coated (e.g. by oxygen plasma treatment, orgrafting of a polyethylene oxide surface layer) can also be used. Theuse of porous, hydrophilic materials for the fabrication of themicrowell array may be desirable in order to facilitate capillarywicking/venting of entrapped air bubbles in the device. The microwellarray can be fabricated from a single material. The microwell array maycomprise two or more different materials that have been bonded togetheror mechanically joined.

Microwell arrays can be fabricated using substrates of any of a varietyof sizes and shapes. For example, the shape (or footprint) of thesubstrate within which microwells are fabricated may be square,rectangular, circular, or irregular in shape. The footprint of themicrowell array substrate can be similar to that of a microtiter plate.The footprint of the microwell array substrate can be similar to that ofstandard microscope slides, e.g. about 75 mm long×25 mm wide (about 3″long×1″ wide), or about 75 mm long×50 mm wide (about 3″ long×2″ wide).The thickness of the substrate within which the microwells arefabricated may range from about 0.1 mm thick to about 10 mm thick, ormore. The thickness of the microwell array substrate may be at least 0.1mm thick, at least 0.5 mm thick, at least 1 mm thick, at least 2 mmthick, at least 3 mm thick, at least 4 mm thick, at least 5 mm thick, atleast 6 mm thick, at least 7 mm thick, at least 8 mm thick, at least 9mm thick, or at least 10 mm thick. The thickness of the microwell arraysubstrate may be at most 10 mm thick, at most 9 mm thick, at most 8 mmthick, at most 7 mm thick, at most 6 mm thick, at most 5 mm thick, atmost 4 mm thick, at most 3 mm thick, at most 2 mm thick, at most 1 mmthick, at most 0.5 mm thick, or at most 0.1 mm thick. The thickness ofthe microwell array substrate can be about 1 mm thick. The thickness ofthe microwell array substrate may be any value within these ranges, forexample, the thickness of the microwell array substrate may be betweenabout 0.2 mm and about 9.5 mm. The thickness of the microwell arraysubstrate may be uniform.

A variety of surface treatments and surface modification techniques maybe used to alter the properties of microwell array surfaces. Examplescan include, but are not limited to, oxygen plasma treatments to renderhydrophobic material surfaces more hydrophilic, the use of wet or dryetching techniques to smooth (or roughen) glass and silicon surfaces,adsorption or grafting of polyethylene oxide or other polymer layers(such as pluronic), or bovine serum albumin to substrate surfaces torender them more hydrophilic and less prone to non-specific adsorptionof biomolecules and cells, the use of silane reactions to graftchemically-reactive functional groups to otherwise inert silicon andglass surfaces, etc. Photodeprotection techniques can be used toselectively activate chemically-reactive functional groups at specificlocations in the array structure, for example, the selective addition oractivation of chemically-reactive functional groups such as primaryamines or carboxyl groups on the inner walls of the microwells may beused to covalently couple oligonucleotide probes, peptides, proteins, orother biomolecules to the walls of the microwells. The choice of surfacetreatment or surface modification utilized can depend both or either onthe type of surface property that is desired and on the type of materialfrom which the microwell array is made.

The openings of microwells can be sealed, for example, during cell lysissteps to prevent cross hybridization of target nucleic acid betweenadjacent microwells. A microwell (or array of microwells) may be sealedor capped using, for example, a flexible membrane or sheet of solidmaterial (i.e. a plate or platten) that clamps against the surface ofthe microwell array substrate, or a suitable bead, where the diameter ofthe bead is larger than the diameter of the microwell.

A seal formed using a flexible membrane or sheet of solid material cancomprise, for example, inorganic nanopore membranes (e.g., aluminumoxides), dialysis membranes, glass slides, coverslips, elastomeric films(e.g. PDMS), or hydrophilic polymer films (e.g., a polymer film coatedwith a thin film of agarose that has been hydrated with lysis buffer).

Solid supports (e.g., beads) used for capping the microwells maycomprise any of the solid supports (e.g., beads) of the disclosure. Insome instances, the solid supports are cross-linked dextran beads (e.g.,Sephadex). Cross-linked dextran can range from about 10 micrometers toabout 80 micrometers. The cross-linked dextran beads used for cappingcan be from 20 micrometers to about 50 micrometers. In some embodiments,the beads may be at least about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90%larger than the diameter of the microwells. The beads used for cappingmay be at most about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 or 90% larger thanthe diameter of the microwells.

The seal or cap may allow buffer to pass into and out of the microwell,while preventing macromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids) from migrating outof the well. A macromolecule of at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 or more nucleotides may beblocked from migrating into or out of the microwell by the seal or cap.A macromolecule of at most about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13,14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 or more nucleotides may be blocked frommigrating into or out of the microwell by the seal or cap.

Solid supports (e.g., beads) may be distributed among a substrate. Solidsupports (e.g., beads) can be distributed among wells of the substrate,removed from the wells of the substrate, or otherwise transportedthrough a device comprising one or more microwell arrays by means ofcentrifugation or other non-magnetic means. A microwell of a substratecan be pre-loaded with a solid support. A microwell of a substrate canhold at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, or more solid supports. A microwell of asubstrate can hold at most 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more solid supports. Insome instances, a microwell of a substrate can hold one solid support.

Individual cells and beads may be compartmentalized using alternativesto microwells, for example, a single solid support and single cell couldbe confined within a single droplet in an emulsion (e.g. in a dropletdigital microfluidic system).

Cells could potentially be confined within porous beads that themselvescomprise the plurality of tethered barcodes. Individual cells and solidsupports may be compartmentalized in any type of container,microcontainer, reaction chamber, reaction vessel, or the like.

Single cell combinatorial barcoding or may be performed without the useof microwells. Single cell, combinatorial barcoding assays may beperformed without the use of any physical container. For example,combinatorial barcoding without a physical container can be performed byembedding cells and beads in close proximity to each other within apolymer layer or gel layer to create a diffusional barrier betweendifferent cell/bead pairs. In another example, combinatorial barcodingwithout a physical container can be performed in situ, in vivo, on anintact solid tissue, on an intact cell, and/or subcellularly.

Microwell arrays can be a consumable component of the assay system.Microwell arrays may be reusable. Microwell arrays can be configured foruse as a stand-alone device for performing assays manually, or they maybe configured to comprise a fixed or removable component of aninstrument system that provides for full or partial automation of theassay procedure. In some embodiments of the disclosed methods, thebead-based libraries of barcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes) can bedeposited in the wells of the microwell array as part of the assayprocedure. In some embodiments, the beads may be pre-loaded into thewells of the microwell array and provided to the user as part of, forexample, a kit for performing barcoding (e.g., stochastic barcoding) anddigital counting of nucleic acid targets.

In some embodiments, two mated microwell arrays are provided, onepre-loaded with beads which are held in place by a first magnet, and theother for use by the user in loading individual cells. Followingdistribution of cells into the second microwell array, the two arraysmay be placed face-to-face and the first magnet removed while a secondmagnet is used to draw the beads from the first array down into thecorresponding microwells of the second array, thereby ensuring that thebeads rest above the cells in the second microwell array and thusminimizing diffusional loss of target molecules following cell lysis,while maximizing efficient attachment of target molecules to thebarcodes on the bead.

Microwell arrays of the disclosure can be pre-loaded with solid supports(e.g., beads). Each well of a microwell array can comprise a singlesolid support. At least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100% ofthe wells in a microwell array can be pre-loaded with a single solidsupport. At most 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100% of thewells in a microwell array can be pre-loaded with a single solidsupport. The solid support can comprise barcodes (e.g., stochasticbarcodes) of the disclosure. Cell labels of barcodes on different solidsupports can be different. Cell labels of barcodes on the same solidsupport can be the same.

Methods of Barcoding

The disclosure provides for methods for estimating the number ofdistinct targets at distinct locations in a physical sample (e.g.,tissue, organ, tumor, cell). The methods can comprise placing thebarcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes) in close proximity with the sample,lysing the sample, associating distinct targets with the barcodes,amplifying the targets and/or digitally counting the targets. The methodcan further comprise analyzing and/or visualizing the informationobtained from the spatial labels on the barcodes. In some embodiments, amethod comprises visualizing the plurality of targets in the sample.Mapping the plurality of targets onto the map of the sample can includegenerating a two dimensional map or a three dimensional map of thesample. The two dimensional map and the three dimensional map can begenerated prior to or after barcoding (e.g., stochastically barcoding)the plurality of targets in the sample. Visualizing the plurality oftargets in the sample can include mapping the plurality of targets ontoa map of the sample. Mapping the plurality of targets onto the map ofthe sample can include generating a two dimensional map or a threedimensional map of the sample. The two dimensional map and the threedimensional map can be generated prior to or after barcoding theplurality of targets in the sample. in some embodiments, the twodimensional map and the three dimensional map can be generated before orafter lysing the sample. Lysing the sample before or after generatingthe two dimensional map or the three dimensional map can include heatingthe sample, contacting the sample with a detergent, changing the pH ofthe sample, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, barcoding the plurality of targets compriseshybridizing a plurality of barcodes with a plurality of targets tocreate barcoded targets (e.g., stochastically barcoded targets).Barcoding the plurality of targets can comprise generating an indexedlibrary of the barcoded targets. Generating an indexed library of thebarcoded targets can be performed with a solid support comprising theplurality of barcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes).

Contacting a Sample and a Barcode

The disclosure provides for methods for contacting a sample (e.g.,cells) to a substrate of the disclosure. A sample comprising, forexample, a cell, organ, or tissue thin section, can be contacted tobarcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes). The cells can be contacted, forexample, by gravity flow wherein the cells can settle and create amonolayer. The sample can be a tissue thin section. The thin section canbe placed on the substrate. The sample can be one-dimensional (e.g.,forms a planar surface). The sample (e.g., cells) can be spread acrossthe substrate, for example, by growing/culturing the cells on thesubstrate.

When barcodes are in close proximity to targets, the targets canhybridize to the barcode. The barcodes can be contacted at anon-depletable ratio such that each distinct target can associate with adistinct barcode of the disclosure. To ensure efficient associationbetween the target and the barcode, the targets can be crosslinked tothe barcode.

Cell Lysis

Following the distribution of cells and barcodes, the cells can be lysedto liberate the target molecules. Cell lysis can be accomplished by anyof a variety of means, for example, by chemical or biochemical means, byosmotic shock, or by means of thermal lysis, mechanical lysis, oroptical lysis. Cells can be lysed by addition of a cell lysis buffercomprising a detergent (e.g. SDS, Li dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100,Tween-20, or NP-40), an organic solvent (e.g. methanol or acetone), ordigestive enzymes (e.g. proteinase K, pepsin, or trypsin), or anycombination thereof. To increase the association of a target and abarcode, the rate of the diffusion of the target molecules can bealtered by for example, reducing the temperature and/or increasing theviscosity of the lysate.

In some embodiments, the sample can be lysed using a filter paper. Thefilter paper can be soaked with a lysis buffer on top of the filterpaper. The filter paper can be applied to the sample with pressure whichcan facilitate lysis of the sample and hybridization of the targets ofthe sample to the substrate.

In some embodiments, lysis can be performed by mechanical lysis, heatlysis, optical lysis, and/or chemical lysis. Chemical lysis can includethe use of digestive enzymes such as proteinase K, pepsin, and trypsin.Lysis can be performed by the addition of a lysis buffer to thesubstrate. A lysis buffer can comprise Tris HCl. A lysis buffer cancomprise at least about 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 M or more Tris HCl. Alysis buffer can comprise at most about 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 M ormore Tris HCL. A lysis buffer can comprise about 0.1 M Tris HCl. The pHof the lysis buffer can be at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or10 or more. The pH of the lysis buffer can be at most about 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more. In some embodiments, the pH of the lysisbuffer is about 7.5. The lysis buffer can comprise a salt (e.g., LiCl).The concentration of salt in the lysis buffer can be at least about 0.1,0.5, or 1 M or more. The concentration of salt in the lysis buffer canbe at most about 0.1, 0.5, or 1 M or more. In some embodiments, theconcentration of salt in the lysis buffer is about 0.5M. The lysisbuffer can comprise a detergent (e.g., SDS, Li dodecyl sulfate, tritonX, tween, NP-40). The concentration of the detergent in the lysis buffercan be at least about 0.0001%, 0.0005%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.05%,0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, or 7% or more. The concentration ofthe detergent in the lysis buffer can be at most about 0.0001%, 0.0005%,0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, or 7%or more. In some embodiments, the concentration of the detergent in thelysis buffer is about 1% Li dodecyl sulfate. The time used in the methodfor lysis can be dependent on the amount of detergent used. In someembodiments, the more detergent used, the less time needed for lysis.The lysis buffer can comprise a chelating agent (e.g., EDTA, EGTA). Theconcentration of a chelating agent in the lysis buffer can be at leastabout 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 mM or more. The concentration of achelating agent in the lysis buffer can be at most about 1, 5, 10, 15,20, 25, or 30 mM or more. In some embodiments, the concentration ofchelating agent in the lysis buffer is about 10 mM. The lysis buffer cancomprise a reducing reagent (e.g., beta-mercaptoethanol, DTT). Theconcentration of the reducing reagent in the lysis buffer can be atleast about 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mM or more. The concentration of thereducing reagent in the lysis buffer can be at most about 1, 5, 10, 15,or 20 mM or more. In some embodiments, the concentration of reducingreagent in the lysis buffer is about 5 mM. In some embodiments, a lysisbuffer can comprise about 0.1M TrisHCl, about pH 7.5, about 0.5M LiCl,about 1% lithium dodecyl sulfate, about 10 mM EDTA, and about 5 mM DTT.

Lysis can be performed at a temperature of about 4, 10, 15, 20, 25, or30° C. Lysis can be performed for about 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 or moreminutes. A lysed cell can comprise at least about 100000, 200000,300000, 400000, 500000, 600000, or 700000 or more target nucleic acidmolecules. A lysed cell can comprise at most about 100000, 200000,300000, 400000, 500000, 600000, or 700000 or more target nucleic acidmolecules.

Attachment of Barcodes to Target Nucleic Acid Molecules

Following lysis of the cells and release of nucleic acid moleculestherefrom, the nucleic acid molecules can randomly associate with thebarcodes of the co-localized solid support. Association can comprisehybridization of a barcode's target recognition region to acomplementary portion of the target nucleic acid molecule (e.g.,oligo(dT) of the barcode can interact with a poly(A) tail of a target).The assay conditions used for hybridization (e.g. buffer pH, ionicstrength, temperature, etc.) can be chosen to promote formation ofspecific, stable hybrids. In some embodiments, the nucleic acidmolecules released from the lysed cells can associate with the pluralityof probes on the substrate (e.g., hybridize with the probes on thesubstrate). When the probes comprise oligo(dT), mRNA molecules canhybridize to the probes and be reverse transcribed. The oligo(dT)portion of the oligonucleotide can act as a primer for first strandsynthesis of the cDNA molecule. For example, in a non-limiting exampleof barcoding illustrated in FIG. 2, at block 216, mRNA molecules canhybridize to barcodes on beads. For example, single-stranded nucleotidefragments can hybridize to the target-binding regions of barcodes.

Attachment can further comprise ligation of a barcode's targetrecognition region and a portion of the target nucleic acid molecule.For example, the target binding region can comprise a nucleic acidsequence that can be capable of specific hybridization to a restrictionsite overhang (e.g. an EcoRI sticky-end overhang). The assay procedurecan further comprise treating the target nucleic acids with arestriction enzyme (e.g. EcoRI) to create a restriction site overhang.The barcode can then be ligated to any nucleic acid molecule comprisinga sequence complementary to the restriction site overhang. A ligase(e.g., T4 DNA ligase) can be used to join the two fragments.

For example, in a non-limiting example of barcoding illustrated in FIG.2, at block 220, the labeled targets from a plurality of cells (or aplurality of samples) (e.g., target-barcode molecules) can besubsequently pooled, for example, into a tube. The labeled targets canbe pooled by, for example, retrieving the barcodes and/or the beads towhich the target-barcode molecules are attached.

The retrieval of solid support-based collections of attachedtarget-barcode molecules can be implemented by use of magnetic beads andan externally-applied magnetic field. Once the target-barcode moleculeshave been pooled, all further processing can proceed in a singlereaction vessel. Further processing can include, for example, reversetranscription reactions, amplification reactions, cleavage reactions,dissociation reactions, and/or nucleic acid extension reactions. Furtherprocessing reactions can be performed within the microwells, that is,without first pooling the labeled target nucleic acid molecules from aplurality of cells.

Reverse Transcription

The disclosure provides for a method to create a target-barcodeconjugate using reverse transcription (e.g., at block 224 of FIG. 2).The target-barcode conjugate can comprise the barcode and acomplementary sequence of all or a portion of the target nucleic acid(i.e. a barcoded cDNA molecule, such as a stochastically barcoded cDNAmolecule). Reverse transcription of the associated RNA molecule canoccur by the addition of a reverse transcription primer along with thereverse transcriptase. The reverse transcription primer can be anoligo(dT) primer, a random hexanucleotide primer, or a target-specificoligonucleotide primer. Oligo(dT) primers can be, or can be about, 12-18nucleotides in length and bind to the endogenous poly(A) tail at the 3′end of mammalian mRNA. Random hexanucleotide primers can bind to mRNA ata variety of complementary sites. Target-specific oligonucleotideprimers typically selectively prime the mRNA of interest.

In some embodiments, reverse transcription of the labeled-RNA moleculecan occur by the addition of a reverse transcription primer. In someembodiments, the reverse transcription primer is an oligo(dT) primer,random hexanucleotide primer, or a target-specific oligonucleotideprimer. Generally, oligo(dT) primers are 12-18 nucleotides in length andbind to the endogenous poly(A)+ tail at the 3′ end of mammalian mRNA.Random hexanucleotide primers can bind to mRNA at a variety ofcomplementary sites. Target-specific oligonucleotide primers typicallyselectively prime the mRNA of interest.

Reverse transcription can occur repeatedly to produce multiplelabeled-cDNA molecules. The methods disclosed herein can compriseconducting at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 reverse transcription reactions. The methodcan comprise conducting at least about 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60,65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 reverse transcription reactions.

Amplification

One or more nucleic acid amplification reactions (e.g., at block 228 ofFIG. 2) can be performed to create multiple copies of the labeled targetnucleic acid molecules. Amplification can be performed in a multiplexedmanner, wherein multiple target nucleic acid sequences are amplifiedsimultaneously. The amplification reaction can be used to add sequencingadaptors to the nucleic acid molecules. The amplification reactions cancomprise amplifying at least a portion of a sample label, if present.The amplification reactions can comprise amplifying at least a portionof the cell label and/or barcode sequence (e.g., molecular label). Theamplification reactions can comprise amplifying at least a portion of asample tag, a cell label, a spatial label, a barcode (e.g., a molecularlabel), a target nucleic acid, or a combination thereof. Theamplification reactions can comprise amplifying 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%,5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%,60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 100%, or a range or anumber between any two of these values, of the plurality of nucleicacids. The method can further comprise conducting one or more cDNAsynthesis reactions to produce one or more cDNA copies of target-barcodemolecules comprising a sample label, a cell label, a spatial label,and/or a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label).

In some embodiments, amplification can be performed using a polymerasechain reaction (PCR). As used herein, PCR can refer to a reaction forthe in vitro amplification of specific DNA sequences by the simultaneousprimer extension of complementary strands of DNA. As used herein, PCRcan encompass derivative forms of the reaction, including but notlimited to, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, nested PCR, quantitative PCR,multiplexed PCR, digital PCR, and assembly PCR.

Amplification of the labeled nucleic acids can comprise non-PCR basedmethods. Examples of non-PCR based methods include, but are not limitedto, multiple displacement amplification (MDA), transcription-mediatedamplification (TMA), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA),strand displacement amplification (SDA), real-time SDA, rolling circleamplification, or circle-to-circle amplification. Other non-PCR-basedamplification methods include multiple cycles of DNA-dependent RNApolymerase-driven RNA transcription amplification or RNA-directed DNAsynthesis and transcription to amplify DNA or RNA targets, a ligasechain reaction (LCR), and a Qβ replicase (Qβ) method, use of palindromicprobes, strand displacement amplification, oligonucleotide-drivenamplification using a restriction endonuclease, an amplification methodin which a primer is hybridized to a nucleic acid sequence and theresulting duplex is cleaved prior to the extension reaction andamplification, strand displacement amplification using a nucleic acidpolymerase lacking 5′ exonuclease activity, rolling circleamplification, and ramification extension amplification (RAM). In someembodiments, the amplification does not produce circularizedtranscripts.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein further compriseconducting a polymerase chain reaction on the labeled nucleic acid(e.g., labeled-RNA, labeled-DNA, labeled-cDNA) to produce alabeled-amplicon (e.g., a stochastically labeled-amplicon). Thelabeled-amplicon can be double-stranded molecule. The double-strandedmolecule can comprise a double-stranded RNA molecule, a double-strandedDNA molecule, or a RNA molecule hybridized to a DNA molecule. One orboth of the strands of the double-stranded molecule can comprise asample label, a spatial label, a cell label, and/or a barcode sequence(e.g., a molecular label). The labeled-amplicon can be a single-strandedmolecule. The single-stranded molecule can comprise DNA, RNA, or acombination thereof. The nucleic acids of the disclosure can comprisesynthetic or altered nucleic acids.

Amplification can comprise use of one or more non-natural nucleotides.Non-natural nucleotides can comprise photolabile or triggerablenucleotides. Examples of non-natural nucleotides can include, but arenot limited to, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), morpholino and lockednucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threosenucleic acid (TNA). Non-natural nucleotides can be added to one or morecycles of an amplification reaction. The addition of the non-naturalnucleotides can be used to identify products as specific cycles or timepoints in the amplification reaction.

Conducting the one or more amplification reactions can comprise the useof one or more primers. The one or more primers can comprise, forexample, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 or morenucleotides. The one or more primers can comprise at least 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 or more nucleotides. The one ormore primers can comprise less than 12-15 nucleotides. The one or moreprimers can anneal to at least a portion of the plurality of labeledtargets (e.g., stochastically labeled targets). The one or more primerscan anneal to the 3′ end or 5′ end of the plurality of labeled targets.The one or more primers can anneal to an internal region of theplurality of labeled targets. The internal region can be at least about50, 100, 150, 200, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310,320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450,460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590,600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900 or 1000 nucleotides from the 3′ endsthe plurality of labeled targets. The one or more primers can comprise afixed panel of primers. The one or more primers can comprise at leastone or more custom primers. The one or more primers can comprise atleast one or more control primers. The one or more primers can compriseat least one or more gene-specific primers.

The one or more primers can comprise a universal primer. The universalprimer can anneal to a universal primer binding site. The one or morecustom primers can anneal to a first sample label, a second samplelabel, a spatial label, a cell label, a barcode sequence (e.g., amolecular label), a target, or any combination thereof. The one or moreprimers can comprise a universal primer and a custom primer. The customprimer can be designed to amplify one or more targets. The targets cancomprise a subset of the total nucleic acids in one or more samples. Thetargets can comprise a subset of the total labeled targets in one ormore samples. The one or more primers can comprise at least 96 or morecustom primers. The one or more primers can comprise at least 960 ormore custom primers. The one or more primers can comprise at least 9600or more custom primers. The one or more custom primers can anneal to twoor more different labeled nucleic acids. The two or more differentlabeled nucleic acids can correspond to one or more genes.

Any amplification scheme can be used in the methods of the presentdisclosure. For example, in one scheme, the first round PCR can amplifymolecules attached to the bead using a gene specific primer and a primeragainst the universal Illumina sequencing primer 1 sequence. The secondround of PCR can amplify the first PCR products using a nested genespecific primer flanked by Illumina sequencing primer 2 sequence, and aprimer against the universal Illumina sequencing primer 1 sequence. Thethird round of PCR adds P5 and P7 and sample index to turn PCR productsinto an Illumina sequencing library. Sequencing using 150 bp×2sequencing can reveal the cell label and barcode sequence (e.g.,molecular label) on read 1, the gene on read 2, and the sample index onindex 1 read.

In some embodiments, nucleic acids can be removed from the substrateusing chemical cleavage. For example, a chemical group or a modifiedbase present in a nucleic acid can be used to facilitate its removalfrom a solid support. For example, an enzyme can be used to remove anucleic acid from a substrate. For example, a nucleic acid can beremoved from a substrate through a restriction endonuclease digestion.For example, treatment of a nucleic acid containing a dUTP or ddUTP withuracil-d-glycosylase (UDG) can be used to remove a nucleic acid from asubstrate. For example, a nucleic acid can be removed from a substrateusing an enzyme that performs nucleotide excision, such as a baseexcision repair enzyme, such as an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP)endonuclease. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid can be removed from asubstrate using a photocleavable group and light. In some embodiments, acleavable linker can be used to remove a nucleic acid from thesubstrate. For example, the cleavable linker can comprise at least oneof biotin/avidin, biotin/streptavidin, biotin/neutravidin, Ig-protein A,a photo-labile linker, acid or base labile linker group, or an aptamer.

When the probes are gene-specific, the molecules can hybridize to theprobes and be reverse transcribed and/or amplified. In some embodiments,after the nucleic acid has been synthesized (e.g., reverse transcribed),it can be amplified. Amplification can be performed in a multiplexmanner, wherein multiple target nucleic acid sequences are amplifiedsimultaneously. Amplification can add sequencing adaptors to the nucleicacid.

In some embodiments, amplification can be performed on the substrate,for example, with bridge amplification. cDNAs can be homopolymer tailedin order to generate a compatible end for bridge amplification usingoligo(dT) probes on the substrate. In bridge amplification, the primerthat is complementary to the 3′ end of the template nucleic acid can bethe first primer of each pair that is covalently attached to the solidparticle. When a sample containing the template nucleic acid iscontacted with the particle and a single thermal cycle is performed, thetemplate molecule can be annealed to the first primer and the firstprimer is elongated in the forward direction by addition of nucleotidesto form a duplex molecule consisting of the template molecule and anewly formed DNA strand that is complementary to the template. In theheating step of the next cycle, the duplex molecule can be denatured,releasing the template molecule from the particle and leaving thecomplementary DNA strand attached to the particle through the firstprimer. In the annealing stage of the annealing and elongation step thatfollows, the complementary strand can hybridize to the second primer,which is complementary to a segment of the complementary strand at alocation removed from the first primer. This hybridization can cause thecomplementary strand to form a bridge between the first and secondprimers secured to the first primer by a covalent bond and to the secondprimer by hybridization. In the elongation stage, the second primer canbe elongated in the reverse direction by the addition of nucleotides inthe same reaction mixture, thereby converting the bridge to adouble-stranded bridge. The next cycle then begins, and thedouble-stranded bridge can be denatured to yield two single-strandednucleic acid molecules, each having one end attached to the particlesurface via the first and second primers, respectively, with the otherend of each unattached. In the annealing and elongation step of thissecond cycle, each strand can hybridize to a further complementaryprimer, previously unused, on the same particle, to form newsingle-strand bridges. The two previously unused primers that are nowhybridized elongate to convert the two new bridges to double-strandbridges.

The amplification reactions can comprise amplifying at least 1%, 2%, 3%,4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, or 100% of theplurality of nucleic acids.

Amplification of the labeled nucleic acids can comprise PCR-basedmethods or non-PCR based methods. Amplification of the labeled nucleicacids can comprise exponential amplification of the labeled nucleicacids. Amplification of the labeled nucleic acids can comprise linearamplification of the labeled nucleic acids. Amplification can beperformed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR can refer to areaction for the in vitro amplification of specific DNA sequences by thesimultaneous primer extension of complementary strands of DNA. PCR canencompass derivative forms of the reaction, including but not limitedto, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, nested PCR, quantitative PCR, multiplexedPCR, digital PCR, suppression PCR, semi-suppressive PCR and assemblyPCR.

In some embodiments, amplification of the labeled nucleic acidscomprises non-PCR based methods. Examples of non-PCR based methodsinclude, but are not limited to, multiple displacement amplification(MDA), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), nucleic acidsequence-based amplification (NASBA), strand displacement amplification(SDA), real-time SDA, rolling circle amplification, or circle-to-circleamplification. Other non-PCR-based amplification methods includemultiple cycles of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase-driven RNA transcriptionamplification or RNA-directed DNA synthesis and transcription to amplifyDNA or RNA targets, a ligase chain reaction (LCR), a Qβ replicase (Qβ),use of palindromic probes, strand displacement amplification,oligonucleotide-driven amplification using a restriction endonuclease,an amplification method in which a primer is hybridized to a nucleicacid sequence and the resulting duplex is cleaved prior to the extensionreaction and amplification, strand displacement amplification using anucleic acid polymerase lacking 5′ exonuclease activity, rolling circleamplification, and/or ramification extension amplification (RAM).

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein further compriseconducting a nested polymerase chain reaction on the amplified amplicon(e.g., target). The amplicon can be double-stranded molecule. Thedouble-stranded molecule can comprise a double-stranded RNA molecule, adouble-stranded DNA molecule, or a RNA molecule hybridized to a DNAmolecule. One or both of the strands of the double-stranded molecule cancomprise a sample tag or molecular identifier label. Alternatively, theamplicon can be a single-stranded molecule. The single-stranded moleculecan comprise DNA, RNA, or a combination thereof. The nucleic acids ofthe present invention can comprise synthetic or altered nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, the method comprises repeatedly amplifying thelabeled nucleic acid to produce multiple amplicons. The methodsdisclosed herein can comprise conducting at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 amplificationreactions. Alternatively, the method comprises conducting at least about25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100amplification reactions.

Amplification can further comprise adding one or more control nucleicacids to one or more samples comprising a plurality of nucleic acids.Amplification can further comprise adding one or more control nucleicacids to a plurality of nucleic acids. The control nucleic acids cancomprise a control label.

Amplification can comprise use of one or more non-natural nucleotides.Non-natural nucleotides can comprise photolabile and/or triggerablenucleotides. Examples of non-natural nucleotides include, but are notlimited to, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), morpholino and locked nucleicacid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleicacid (TNA). Non-natural nucleotides can be added to one or more cyclesof an amplification reaction. The addition of the non-naturalnucleotides can be used to identify products as specific cycles or timepoints in the amplification reaction.

Conducting the one or more amplification reactions can comprise the useof one or more primers. The one or more primers can comprise one or moreoligonucleotides. The one or more oligonucleotides can comprise at leastabout 7-9 nucleotides. The one or more oligonucleotides can compriseless than 12-15 nucleotides. The one or more primers can anneal to atleast a portion of the plurality of labeled nucleic acids. The one ormore primers can anneal to the 3′ end and/or 5′ end of the plurality oflabeled nucleic acids. The one or more primers can anneal to an internalregion of the plurality of labeled nucleic acids. The internal regioncan be at least about 50, 100, 150, 200, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270,280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410,420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550,560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900 or 1000nucleotides from the 3′ ends the plurality of labeled nucleic acids. Theone or more primers can comprise a fixed panel of primers. The one ormore primers can comprise at least one or more custom primers. The oneor more primers can comprise at least one or more control primers. Theone or more primers can comprise at least one or more housekeeping geneprimers. The one or more primers can comprise a universal primer. Theuniversal primer can anneal to a universal primer binding site. The oneor more custom primers can anneal to the first sample tag, the secondsample tag, the molecular identifier label, the nucleic acid or aproduct thereof. The one or more primers can comprise a universal primerand a custom primer. The custom primer can be designed to amplify one ormore target nucleic acids. The target nucleic acids can comprise asubset of the total nucleic acids in one or more samples. In someembodiments, the primers are the probes attached to the array of thedisclosure.

In some embodiments, barcoding (e.g., stochastically barcoding) theplurality of targets in the sample further comprises generating anindexed library of the barcoded fragments. The barcodes sequences ofdifferent barcodes (e.g., the molecular labels of different stochasticbarcodes) can be different from one another. Generating an indexedlibrary of the barcoded targets (e.g., stochastically barcoded targets)includes generating a plurality of indexed polynucleotides from theplurality of targets in the sample. For example, for an indexed libraryof the barcoded targets comprising a first indexed target and a secondindexed target, the label region of the first indexed polynucleotide candiffer from the label region of the second indexed polynucleotide by, byabout, by at least, or by at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20,30, 40, 50, or a number or a range between any two of these values,nucleotides. In some embodiments, generating an indexed library of thebarcoded targets includes contacting a plurality of targets, for examplemRNA molecules, with a plurality of oligonucleotides including a poly(T)region and a label region; and conducting a first strand synthesis usinga reverse transcriptase to produce single-strand labeled cDNA moleculeseach comprising a cDNA region and a label region, wherein the pluralityof targets includes at least two mRNA molecules of different sequencesand the plurality of oligonucleotides includes at least twooligonucleotides of different sequences. Generating an indexed libraryof the barcoded targets can further comprise amplifying thesingle-strand labeled cDNA molecules to produce double-strand labeledcDNA molecules; and conducting nested PCR on the double-strand labeledcDNA molecules to produce labeled amplicons. In some embodiments, themethod can include generating an adaptor-labeled amplicon.

Stochastic barcoding can use nucleic acid barcodes or tags to labelindividual nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) molecules. In someembodiments, it involves adding DNA barcodes or tags to cDNA moleculesas they are generated from mRNA. Nested PCR can be performed to minimizePCR amplification bias. Adaptors can be added for sequencing using, forexample, next generation sequencing (NGS). The sequencing results can beused to determine cell labels, barcode sequences (e.g., molecularlabels), and sequences of nucleotide fragments of the one or more copiesof the targets, for example at block 232 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing a non-limiting exemplaryprocess of generating an indexed library of the barcoded targets (e.g.,stochastically barcoded targets), for example mRNAs. As shown in step 1,the reverse transcription process can encode each mRNA molecule with aunique barcode sequence (e.g., molecular label), a cell label, and auniversal PCR site. In particular, RNA molecules 302 can be reversetranscribed to produce labeled cDNA molecules 304, including a cDNAregion 306, by the hybridization (e.g., stochastic hybridization) of aset of barcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes) 310) to the poly(A) tailregion 308 of the RNA molecules 302. Each of the barcodes 310 cancomprise a target-binding region, for example a poly(dT) region 312, abarcode sequence or a molecular label 314, and a universal PCR region316.

In some embodiments, the cell label can include 3 to 20 nucleotides. Insome embodiments, the barcode sequence (e.g., molecular label) caninclude 3 to 20 nucleotides. In some embodiments, each of the pluralityof stochastic barcodes further comprises one or more of a universallabel and a cell label, wherein universal labels are the same for theplurality of stochastic barcodes on the solid support and cell labelsare the same for the plurality of stochastic barcodes on the solidsupport. In some embodiments, the universal label can include 3 to 20nucleotides. In some embodiments, the cell label comprises 3 to 20nucleotides.

In some embodiments, the label region 314 can include a barcode sequenceor a molecular label 318 and a cell label 320. In some embodiments, thelabel region 314 can include one or more of a universal label, adimension label, and a cell label. The barcode sequence or molecularlabel 318 can be, can be about, can be at least, or can be at most, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or anumber or a range between any of these values, of nucleotides in length.The cell label 320 can be, can be about, can be at least, or can be atmost, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, or a number or a range between any of these values, of nucleotidesin length. The universal label can be, can be about, can be at least, orcan be at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,80, 90, 100, or a number or a range between any of these values, ofnucleotides in length. Universal labels can be the same for theplurality of stochastic barcodes on the solid support and cell labelsare the same for the plurality of stochastic barcodes on the solidsupport. The dimension label can be, can be about, can be at least, orcan be at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,80, 90, 100, or a number or a range between any of these values, ofnucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, the label region 314 can comprise, comprise about,comprise at least, or comprise at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800,900, 1000, or a number or a range between any of these values, differentlabels, such as a barcode sequence or a molecular label 318 and a celllabel 320. Each label can be, can be about, can be at least, or can beat most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, or a number or a range between any of these values, of nucleotidesin length. A set of barcodes or stochastic barcodes 310 can contain,contain about, contain at least, or can be at most, 10, 20, 40, 50, 70,80, 90, 10², 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², 10¹³,10¹⁴, 10¹⁵, 10²⁰, or a number or a range between any of these values,barcodes or stochastic barcodes 310. And the set of barcodes orstochastic barcodes 310 can, for example, each contain a unique labelregion 314. The labeled cDNA molecules 304 can be purified to removeexcess barcodes or stochastic barcodes 310. Purification can compriseAmpure bead purification.

As shown in step 2, products from the reverse transcription process instep 1 can be pooled into 1 tube and PCR amplified with a 1^(st). PCRprimer pool and a 1^(st) universal PCR primer. Pooling is possiblebecause of the unique label region 314. In particular, the labeled cDNAmolecules 304 can be amplified to produce nested PCR labeled amplicons322. Amplification can comprise multiplex PCR amplification.Amplification can comprise a multiplex PCR amplification with 96multiplex primers in a single reaction volume. In some embodiments,multiplex PCR amplification can utilize, utilize about, utilize atleast, or utilize at most, 10, 20, 40, 50, 70, 80, 90, 10², 10³, 10⁴,10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, 10¹², 10¹³, 10¹⁴, 10¹⁵, 10²⁰, or anumber or a range between any of these values, multiplex primers in asingle reaction volume. Amplification can comprise 1^(st) PCR primerpool 324 of custom primers 326A-C targeting specific genes and auniversal primer 328. The custom primers 326 can hybridize to a regionwithin the cDNA portion 306′ of the labeled cDNA molecule 304. Theuniversal primer 328 can hybridize to the universal PCR region 316 ofthe labeled cDNA molecule 304.

As shown in step 3 of FIG. 3, products from PCR amplification in step 2can be amplified with a nested PCR primers pool and a 2^(nd) universalPCR primer. Nested PCR can minimize PCR amplification bias. Inparticular, the nested PCR labeled amplicons 322 can be furtheramplified by nested PCR. The nested PCR can comprise multiplex PCR withnested PCR primers pool 330 of nested PCR primers 332 a-c and a 2^(nd)universal PCR primer 328′ in a single reaction volume. The nested PCRprimer pool 328 can contain, contain about, contain at least, or containat most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, or a number or arange between any of these values, different nested PCR primers 330. Thenested PCR primers 332 can contain an adaptor 334 and hybridize to aregion within the cDNA portion 306″ of the labeled amplicon 322. Theuniversal primer 328′ can contain an adaptor 336 and hybridize to theuniversal PCR region 316 of the labeled amplicon 322. Thus, step 3produces adaptor-labeled amplicon 338. In some embodiments, nested PCRprimers 332 and the 2^(nd) universal PCR primer 328′ may not contain theadaptors 334 and 336. The adaptors 334 and 336 can instead be ligated tothe products of nested PCR to produce adaptor-labeled amplicon 338.

As shown in step 4, PCR products from step 3 can be PCR amplified forsequencing using library amplification primers. In particular, theadaptors 334 and 336 can be used to conduct one or more additionalassays on the adaptor-labeled amplicon 338. The adaptors 334 and 336 canbe hybridized to primers 340 and 342. The one or more primers 340 and342 can be PCR amplification primers. The one or more primers 340 and342 can be sequencing primers. The one or more adaptors 334 and 336 canbe used for further amplification of the adaptor-labeled amplicons 338.The one or more adaptors 334 and 336 can be used for sequencing theadaptor-labeled amplicon 338. The primer 342 can contain a plate index344 so that amplicons generated using the same set of barcodes orstochastic barcodes 310 can be sequenced in one sequencing reactionusing next generation sequencing (NGS).

Compositions Comprising Cellular Component Binding Reagents Conjugatedwith Oligonucleotides

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide a plurality of compositionseach comprising a cellular component binding regent (e.g., a proteinbinding reagent) conjugated with an oligonucleotide, wherein theoligonucleotide comprises a unique identifier for the cellular componentbinding reagent that it is conjugated with. A binding target of thecellular component binding reagent can be, or comprise, a carbohydrate,a lipid, a protein, an extracellular protein, a cell-surface protein, acell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, a majorhistocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, a receptor, an integrin, anintracellular protein, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments,the cellular component binding reagent (e.g., the protein bindingreagent) is capable of specifically binding to a protein target. In someembodiments, each of the oligonucleotides can comprise a barcode, suchas a stochastic barcode. A barcode can comprise a barcode sequence(e.g., a molecular label), a cell label, a sample label, or anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, each of the oligonucleotidescan comprise a linker. In some embodiments, each of the oligonucleotidescan comprise a binding site for an oligonucleotide probe, such as apoly(A) tail. For example, the poly(A) tail can be, e.g., unanchored toa solid support or anchored to a solid support. The poly(A) tail can befrom about 10 to 50 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, thepoly(A) tail can be 18 nucleotides in length. The oligonucleotides cancomprise deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, or both.

The unique identifiers can be, for example, a nucleotide sequence havingany suitable length, for example, from about 4 nucleotides to about 200nucleotides. In some embodiments, the unique identifier is a nucleotidesequence of 25 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides in length. In someembodiments, the unique identifier can have a length that is, is about,is less than, is greater than, 4 nucleotides, 5 nucleotides, 6nucleotides, 7 nucleotides, 8 nucleotides, 9 nucleotides, 10nucleotides, 15 nucleotides, 20 nucleotides, 25 nucleotides, 30nucleotides, 35 nucleotides, 40 nucleotides, 45 nucleotides, 50nucleotides, 55 nucleotides, 60 nucleotides, 70 nucleotides, 80nucleotides, 90 nucleotides, 100 nucleotides, 200 nucleotides, or arange that is between any two of the above values.

In some embodiments, the unique identifiers are selected from a diverseset of unique identifiers. The diverse set of unique identifiers cancomprise at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 200,at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, atleast 800, at least 900, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000,or more different unique identifiers. In some embodiments, the set ofunique identifiers is designed to have minimal sequence homology to theDNA or RNA sequences of the sample to be analyzed. In some embodiments,the sequences of the set of unique identifiers are different from eachother, or the complement thereof, by at least 1 nucleotide, at least 2nucleotides, at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, or more.In some embodiments, the sequences of the set of unique identifiers aredifferent from each other, or the complement thereof, by at least 3%, atleast 5%, at least 8%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, ormore.

In some embodiments, the unique identifiers can comprise a binding sitefor a primer, such as universal primer. In some embodiments, the uniqueidentifiers can comprise at least two binding sites for a primer, suchas a universal primer. In some embodiments, the unique identifiers cancomprise at least three binding sites for a primer, such as a universalprimer. The primers can be used for amplification of the uniqueidentifiers, for example, by PCR amplification. In some embodiments, theprimers can be used for nested PCR reactions.

Any suitable protein binding reagents are contemplated in thisdisclosure, such as antibodies or fragments thereof, aptamers, smallmolecules, ligands, peptides, oligonucleotides, etc., or any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the protein binding reagents can bepolyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies,single chain antibody (sc-Ab), or fragments thereof, such as Fab, Fv,etc. In some embodiments, the plurality of protein binding reagents cancomprise at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 200,at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, atleast 800, at least 900, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000,or more different protein binding reagents.

The oligonucleotide can be conjugated with the protein binding reagentthrough various mechanism. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide canbe conjugated with the protein binding reagent covalently. In someembodiment, the oligonucleotide can be conjugated with the proteinbinding reagent non-covalently. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotideis conjugated with the protein binding reagent through a linker. Thelinker can be, for example, cleavable or detachable from the proteinbinding reagent and/or the oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, thelinker can comprise a chemical group that reversibly attaches theoligonucleotide to the protein binding reagents. The chemical group canbe conjugated to the linker, for example, through an amine group. Insome embodiments, the linker can comprise a chemical group that forms astable bond with another chemical group conjugated to the proteinbinding reagent. For example, the chemical group can be a UVphotocleavable group, streptavidin, biotin, amine, etc. In someembodiments, the chemical group can be conjugated to the protein bindingreagent through a primary amine on an amino acid, such as lysine, or theN-terminus. Commercially available conjugation kits, such as theProtein-Oligo Conjugation Kit (Solulink, Inc., San Diego, Calif.), theThunder-Link® oligo conjugation system (Innova Biosciences, Cambridge,United Kingdom), etc., can be used to conjugate the oligonucleotide tothe protein binding reagent.

The oligonucleotide can be conjugated to any suitable site of thecellular component binding reagent (e.g., the protein binding reagent),as long as it does not interfere with the specific binding between thecellular component binding reagent and its cellular component target. Insome embodiments, the cellular component binding regent is a protein. Insome embodiments, the cellular component binding reagent is not anantibody. In embodiments where the protein binding reagent is anantibody, the oligonucleotide can be conjugated to the antibody anywhereother than the antigen-binding site, for example, the Fc region, theC_(H)1 domain, the C_(H)2 domain, the C_(H)3 domain, the C_(L) domain,etc. Methods of conjugating oligonucleotides to antibodies have beenpreviously disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,531,283, thecontent of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference in itsentirety. Stoichiometry of oligonucleotide to protein binding reagentcan be varied. To increase the sensitivity of detecting the proteinbinding reagent specific oligonucleotide in sequencing, it may beadvantageous to increase the ratio of oligonucleotide to protein bindingreagent during conjugation. In some embodiments, each protein bindingreagent can be conjugated with a single oligonucleotide molecule. Insome embodiments, each protein binding reagent can be conjugated withmore than one oligonucleotide molecule, for example, at least 2, atleast 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30,at least 40, at least 50, at least 100, at least 1,000, or moreoligonucleotide molecules, wherein each of the oligonucleotide moleculecomprises the same unique identifier.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary protein bindingreagent, e.g., an antibody, that is conjugated with an oligonucleotidecomprising a unique identifier sequence for the antibody. Anoligonucleotide-conjugated with an antibody, an oligonucleotide forconjugation with an antibody, or an oligonucleotide previouslyconjugated with an antibody can be referred to herein as an antibodyoligonucleotide (abbreviated as “AbOligo” or “AbO”). The oligonucleotidecan also comprise additional components, including but not limited to,one or more linker, one or more unique identifier for the antibody,optionally one or more barcode sequences (e.g., molecular labels), and apoly(A) tail. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide can comprise,from 5′ to 3′, a linker, a unique identifier, a barcode sequence (e.g.,a molecular label), and a poly(A) tail.

In some embodiments, the plurality of cellular component bindingreagents are capable of specifically binding to a plurality of cellularcomponent targets in a sample, such as a single cell, a plurality ofcells, a tissue sample, a tumor sample, a blood sample, or the like. Insome embodiments, the cellular component binding reagents are proteinbinding reagents, and the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments,the plurality of protein targets can comprise intracellular proteins. Insome embodiments, the plurality of protein targets can compriseintracellular proteins. In some embodiments, the plurality of proteinscan be at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%,at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, atleast 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, atleast 99%, or more, of all the encoded proteins in an organism. In someembodiments, the plurality of protein targets can comprise at least 2,at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 100, at least 1,000, at least10,000, or more different protein targets.

The antibody oligonucleotide disclosed herein can, for example, comprisea barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label), a poly(A) tail, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the antibody oligonucleotidecomprises a sequence complementary to a capture sequence of at least onebarcode of the plurality of barcodes. A target binding region of thebarcode can comprise the capture sequence. The target binding regioncan, for example, comprise a poly(dT) region. In some embodiments, thesequence of the antibody oligonucleotide complementary to the capturesequence of the barcode can comprise a poly(A) tail. The antibodyoligonucleotide can comprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecularlabel).

In some embodiments, the antibody oligonucleotide sequence comprises anucleotide sequence of, or about, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110,120, 128, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240,250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380,390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520,530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660,670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800,810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940,950, 960, 970, 980, 990, 1000, or a number or a range between any two ofthese values, nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the antibodyoligonucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence of at least, orat most, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30,35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 128, 130, 140, 150, 160,170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300,310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440,450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580,590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720,730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860,870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, or1000, nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, the protein binding reagent comprises an antibody,a tetramer, an aptamers, a protein scaffold, or a combination thereof.The antibody oligonucleotide can be conjugated to the protein bindingreagent, for example, through a linker. The one antibody oligonucleotidecan comprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the molecule of the proteinbinding reagent. The chemical group can be selected from the groupconsisting of a UV photocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, anamine, and any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the protein binding reagent can bind to ADAM10,CD156c, ANO6, ATP1B2, ATP1B3, BSG, CD147, CD109, CD230, CD29, CD298,ATP1B3, CD44, CD45, CD47, CD51, CD59, CD63, CD97, CD98, SLC3A2, CLDND1,HLA-ABC, ICAM1, ITFG3, MPZL1, NA K ATPase alphal, ATP1A1, NPTN, PMCAATPase, ATP2B1, SLC1A5, SLC29A1, SLC2A1, SLC44A2, or any combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, the protein target comprises an extracellularprotein, an intracellular protein, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the protein target comprises a cell-surface protein, a cellmarker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, a major histocompatibilitycomplex, a tumor antigen, a receptor, an integrin, or any combinationthereof. The protein target can comprise a lipid, a carbohydrate, or anycombination thereof. The protein target can be selected from a groupcomprising a number of protein targets. The number of protein targetscan be, or about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000,4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, or a number or a rangebetween any two of these values. The number of protein targets can be atleast, or at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60,70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000,3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, or 10000.

The protein binding reagent can be associated with two or more antibodyoligonucleotides with the same sequence. The protein binding reagent canbe associated with two or more antibody oligonucleotides with differentantibody oligonucleotide sequences. The number of antibodyoligonucleotides associated with the protein binding reagent can bedifferent in different implementations. In some embodiments, the numberof antibody oligonucleotides, whether having the same or differentsequences, can be, or about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40,50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000,or a number or a range between any two of these values. In someembodiments, the number of antibody oligonucleotides can be at least, orat most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000.

The plurality of compositions can comprise one or more additionalprotein binding reagents not conjugated with the antibodyoligonucleotide (also referred to herein as the antibodyoligonucleotide-free protein binding reagent). The number of additionalprotein binding reagents in the plurality of composition can bedifferent in different implementations. In some embodiments, the numberof additional protein binding reagents can be, or about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or a number or arange between any two of these values. In some embodiments, the numberof additional protein binding reagents can be at least, or at most, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100. Theprotein binding reagent and any of the additional protein bindingreagents can be, in some embodiments, the same.

In some embodiments, a mixture comprising protein binding reagent(s)that is conjugated with one or more antibody oligonucleotides andprotein binding reagent(s) that is not conjugated with antibodyoligonucleotides is provided. The mixture can be used in someembodiments of the methods disclosed herein, for example, to contact thesample(s) or cell(s). The ratio of (1) the number of a protein bindingreagent conjugated with an antibody oligonucleotide and (2) the numberof another protein binding reagent (e.g., the same protein bindingreagent) not conjugated with the antibody oligonucleotide or otherantibody oligonucleotide(s) in the mixture can be different in differentimplementations. In some embodiments, the ratio can be, or be about,1:1, 1:1.1, 1:1.2, 1:1.3, 1:1.4, 1:1.5, 1:1.6, 1:1.7, 1:1.8, 1:1.9, 1:2,1:2.5, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14,1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23, 1:24, 1:25, 1:26,1:27, 1:28, 1:29, 1:30, 1:31, 1:32, 1:33, 1:34, 1:35, 1:36, 1:37, 1:38,1:39, 1:40, 1:41, 1:42, 1:43, 1:44, 1:45, 1:46, 1:47, 1:48, 1:49, 1:50,1:51, 1:52, 1:53, 1:54, 1:55, 1:56, 1:57, 1:58, 1:59, 1:60, 1:61, 1:62,1:63, 1:64, 1:65, 1:66, 1:67, 1:68, 1:69, 1:70, 1:71, 1:72, 1:73, 1:74,1:75, 1:76, 1:77, 1:78, 1:79, 1:80, 1:81, 1:82, 1:83, 1:84, 1:85, 1:86,1:87, 1:88, 1:89, 1:90, 1:91, 1:92, 1:93, 1:94, 1:95, 1:96, 1:97, 1:98,1:99, 1:100, 1:200, 1:300, 1:400, 1:500, 1:600, 1:700, 1:800, 1:900,1:1000, 1:2000, 1:3000, 1:4000, 1:5000, 1:6000, 1:7000, 1:8000, 1:9000,1:10000, or a number or a range between any two of the values. In someembodiments, the ratio can be at least, or at most, 1:1, 1:1.1, 1:1.2,1:1.3, 1:1.4, 1:1.5, 1:1.6, 1:1.7, 1:1.8, 1:1.9, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3, 1:4,1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17,1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23, 1:24, 1:25, 1:26, 1:27, 1:28, 1:29,1:30, 1:31, 1:32, 1:33, 1:34, 1:35, 1:36, 1:37, 1:38, 1:39, 1:40, 1:41,1:42, 1:43, 1:44, 1:45, 1:46, 1:47, 1:48, 1:49, 1:50, 1:51, 1:52, 1:53,1:54, 1:55, 1:56, 1:57, 1:58, 1:59, 1:60, 1:61, 1:62, 1:63, 1:64, 1:65,1:66, 1:67, 1:68, 1:69, 1:70, 1:71, 1:72, 1:73, 1:74, 1:75, 1:76, 1:77,1:78, 1:79, 1:80, 1:81, 1:82, 1:83, 1:84, 1:85, 1:86, 1:87, 1:88, 1:89,1:90, 1:91, 1:92, 1:93, 1:94, 1:95, 1:96, 1:97, 1:98, 1:99, 1:100,1:200, 1:300, 1:400, 1:500, 1:600, 1:700, 1:800, 1:900, 1:1000, 1:2000,1:3000, 1:4000, 1:5000, 1:6000, 1:7000, 1:8000, 1:9000, or 1:10000.

In some embodiments, the ratio can be, or be about, 1:1, 1.1:1, 1.2:1,1.3:1, 1.4:1, 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, 3:1, 4:1,5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1,18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 21:1, 22:1, 23:1, 24:1, 25:1, 26:1, 27:1, 28:1, 29:1,30:1, 31:1, 32:1, 33:1, 34:1, 35:1, 36:1, 37:1, 38:1, 39:1, 40:1, 41:1,42:1, 43:1, 44:1, 45:1, 46:1, 47:1, 48:1, 49:1, 50:1, 51:1, 52:1, 53:1,54:1, 55:1, 56:1, 57:1, 58:1, 59:1, 60:1, 61:1, 62:1, 63:1, 64:1, 65:1,66:1, 67:1, 68:1, 69:1, 70:1, 71:1, 72:1, 73:1, 74:1, 75:1, 76:1, 77:1,78:1, 79:1, 80:1, 81:1, 82:1, 83:1, 84:1, 85:1, 86:1, 87:1, 88:1, 89:1,90:1, 91:1, 92:1, 93:1, 94:1, 95:1, 96:1, 97:1, 98:1, 99:1, 100:1,200:1, 300:1, 400:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, 1000:1, 2000:1,3000:1, 4000:1, 5000:1, 6000:1, 7000:1, 8000:1, 9000:1, 10000:1, or anumber or a range between any two of the values. In some embodiments,the ratio can be at least, or at most, 1:1, 1.1:1, 1.2:1, 1.3:1, 1.4:1,1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, 2:1, 2.5:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1,8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 19:1,20:1, 21:1, 22:1, 23:1, 24:1, 25:1, 26:1, 27:1, 28:1, 29:1, 30:1, 31:1,32:1, 33:1, 34:1, 35:1, 36:1, 37:1, 38:1, 39:1, 40:1, 41:1, 42:1, 43:1,44:1, 45:1, 46:1, 47:1, 48:1, 49:1, 50:1, 51:1, 52:1, 53:1, 54:1, 55:1,56:1, 57:1, 58:1, 59:1, 60:1, 61:1, 62:1, 63:1, 64:1, 65:1, 66:1, 67:1,68:1, 69:1, 70:1, 71:1, 72:1, 73:1, 74:1, 75:1, 76:1, 77:1, 78:1, 79:1,80:1, 81:1, 82:1, 83:1, 84:1, 85:1, 86:1, 87:1, 88:1, 89:1, 90:1, 91:1,92:1, 93:1, 94:1, 95:1, 96:1, 97:1, 98:1, 99:1, 100:1, 200:1, 300:1,400:1, 500:1, 600:1, 700:1, 800:1, 900:1, 1000:1, 2000:1, 3000:1,4000:1, 5000:1, 6000:1, 7000:1, 8000:1, 9000:1, or 10000:1.

A protein binding reagent can be conjugated with an antibodyoligonucleotide or not. In some embodiments, the percentage of theprotein binding reagent conjugated with an antibody oligonucleotide in amixture comprising the protein binding reagent that is conjugated withthe antibody oligonucleotide and the protein binding reagent(s) that isnot conjugated with the antibody oligonucleotide can be, or be about,0.000000001%, 0.00000001%, 0.0000001%, 0.000001%, 0.00001%, 0.0001%,0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%,13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%,27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%,41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%,55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%,69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%,83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, or a number or a range between any two of thesevalues. In some embodiments, the percentage of the protein bindingreagent conjugated with an antibody oligonucleotide in a mixture can beat least, or at most, 0.000000001%, 0.00000001%, 0.0000001%, 0.000001%,0.00001%, 0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%,9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%,23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%,37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%,51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%,65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%,79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.

In some embodiments, the percentage of the protein binding reagent notconjugated with an antibody oligonucleotide in a mixture comprising aprotein binding reagent conjugated with an antibody oligonucleotide andthe protein binding reagent that is not conjugated with the antibodyoligonucleotide can be, or be about, 0.000000001%, 0.00000001%,0.0000001%, 0.000001%, 0.00001%, 0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 2%,3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%,19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%,33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%,47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%,61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%,75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%,89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, or a numberor a range between any two of these values. In some embodiments, thepercentage of the protein binding reagent not conjugated with anantibody oligonucleotide in a mixture can be at least, or at most,0.000000001%, 0.00000001%, 0.0000001%, 0.000001%, 0.00001%, 0.0001%,0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%,13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%,27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%,41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%,55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%,69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%,83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.

Methods of Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Component Targets

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide methods of quantitativeanalysis of a plurality of cellular component targets (e.g., proteintargets) in a sample using the compositions disclosed herein andoligonucleotide probes that can associate a barcode sequence (e.g., amolecular label sequence) to the oligonucleotides of the cellularcomponent binding regents (e.g., protein binding reagents). In someembodiments, the sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, atissue sample, a tumor sample, a blood sample, or the like. In someembodiments, the sample can comprise a mixture of cell types, such asnormal cells, tumor cells, blood cells, B cells, T cells, maternalcells, fetal cells, etc., or a mixture of cells from different subjects.

In some embodiments, the sample can comprise a plurality of single cellsseparated into individual compartments, such as microwells in amicrowell array.

The binding target of the cellular component binding reagent (i.e.,cellular component target) for example, can be, or comprise, acarbohydrate, a lipid, a protein, an extracellular protein, acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, areceptor, an integrin, an intracellular protein, or any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the cellular component target is a proteintarget. In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprisesa cell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments,the plurality of protein targets can comprise intracellular proteins. Insome embodiments, the plurality of proteins can be at least 1%, at least2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, atleast 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more, of all theencoded proteins in an organism. In some embodiments, the plurality ofprotein targets can comprise at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, atleast 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least50, at least 100, at least 1,000, at least 10,000, or more differentprotein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein binding reagents iscontacted with the sample for specific binding with the plurality ofprotein targets. Unbound protein binding reagents can be removed, forexample, by washing. In embodiments where the sample comprises cells,any protein binding reagents not specifically bound to the cells can beremoved.

In some instances, cells from a population of cells can be separated(e.g., isolated) into wells of a substrate of the disclosure. Thepopulation of cells can be diluted prior to separating. The populationof cells can be diluted such that at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% of wells of thesubstrate receive a single cell. The population of cells can be dilutedsuch that at most 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65,70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% of wells of the substrate receive asingle cell. The population of cells can be diluted such that the numberof cells in the diluted population is, or is at least, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20,25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% ofthe number of wells on the substrate. The population of cells can bediluted such that the number of cells in the diluted population is, oris at least, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% of the number of wells on the substrate. Insome instances, the population of cells is diluted such that the numberof cell is about 10% of the number of wells in the substrate.

Distribution of single cells into wells of the substrate can follow aPoisson distribution. For example, there can be at least a 0.1, 0.5, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10% or more probability that a well of thesubstrate has more than one cell. There can be at least a 0.1, 0.5, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10% or more probability that a well of thesubstrate has more than one cell. Distribution of single cells intowells of the substrate can be random. Distribution of single cells intowells of the substrate can be non-random. The cells can be separatedsuch that a well of the substrate receives only one cell.

In some embodiments, the protein binding reagents can be additionallyconjugated with fluorescent molecules to enable flow sorting of cellsinto individual compartments.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein provide contacting aplurality of compositions with the sample for specific binding with theplurality of protein targets. It would be appreciated that theconditions used may allow specific binding of the protein bindingreagents, e.g., antibodies, to the protein targets. Following thecontacting step, unbound compositions can be removed. For example, inembodiments where the sample comprises cells, and the compositionsspecifically bind to protein targets are cell-surface proteins, unboundcompositions can be removed by washing the cells with buffer such thatonly compositions that specifically bind to the protein targets remainwith the cells.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein can compriseassociating a barcode (e.g., a stochastic barcode), which can include abarcode sequence (such as a molecular label), a cell label, a samplelabel, etc., or any combination thereof, to the plurality ofoligonucleotides of the protein binding reagents. For example, aplurality of oligonucleotide probes comprising a barcode can be used tohybridize to the plurality of oligonucleotides of the compositions.

In some embodiments, the plurality of oligonucleotide probes can beimmobilized on solid supports. The solid supports can be free floating,e.g., beads in a solution. The solid supports can be embedded in asemi-solid or solid array. In some embodiments, the plurality ofoligonucleotide probes may not be immobilized on solid supports. Whenthe plurality of oligonucleotide probes are in close proximity to theplurality of oligonucleotides of the protein binding reagents, theplurality of oligonucleotides of the protein binding reagents canhybridize to the oligonucleotide probes. The oligonucleotide probes canbe contacted at a non-depletable ratio such that each distinctoligonucleotide of the protein binding reagents can associate witholigonucleotide probes having different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular labels) of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein provide detaching theoligonucleotides from the protein binding reagents that are specificallybound to the protein targets. Detachment can be performed in a varietyof ways to separate the chemical group from the protein binding reagent,such as UV photocleaving, chemical treatment (e.g., dithiothreitol),heating, enzyme treatment, or any combination thereof. Detaching theoligonucleotide from the protein binding reagent can be performed eitherbefore, after, or during the step of hybridizing the plurality ofoligonucleotide probes to the plurality of oligonucleotides of thecompositions.

Methods of Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Protein and NucleicAcid Targets

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide methods of simultaneousquantitative analysis of a plurality of protein targets and a pluralityof nucleic acid target molecules in a sample using the compositionsdisclosed herein and oligonucleotide probes that can associate a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence) to both the oligonucleotidesof the protein binding reagents and nucleic acid target molecules. Insome embodiments, the sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells,a tissue sample, a tumor sample, a blood sample, or the like. In someembodiments, the sample can comprise a mixture of cell types, such asnormal cells, tumor cells, blood cells, B cells, T cells, maternalcells, fetal cells, etc., or a mixture of cells from different subjects.

In some embodiments, the sample can comprise a plurality of single cellsseparated into individual compartments, such as microwells in amicrowell array.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments,the plurality of protein targets can comprise intracellular proteins. Insome embodiments, the plurality of proteins can be at least 1%, at least2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, atleast 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more, of all theencoded proteins in an organism. In some embodiments, the plurality ofprotein targets can comprise at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, atleast 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least50, at least 100, at least 1,000, at least 10,000, or more differentprotein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein binding reagents iscontacted with the sample for specific binding with the plurality ofprotein targets. Unbound protein binding reagents can be removed, forexample, by washing. In embodiments where the sample comprises cells,any protein binding reagents not specifically bound to the cells can beremoved.

In some instances, cells from a population of cells can be separated(e.g., isolated) into wells of a substrate of the disclosure. Thepopulation of cells can be diluted prior to separating. The populationof cells can be diluted such that at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% of wells of thesubstrate receive a single cell. The population of cells can be dilutedsuch that at most 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65,70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% of wells of the substrate receive asingle cell. The population of cells can be diluted such that the numberof cells in the diluted population is, or is at least, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20,25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% ofthe number of wells on the substrate. The population of cells can bediluted such that the number of cells in the diluted population is, oris at least, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% of the number of wells on the substrate. Insome instances, the population of cells is diluted such that the numberof cell is about 10% of the number of wells in the substrate.

Distribution of single cells into wells of the substrate can follow aPoisson distribution. For example, there can be at least a 0.1, 0.5, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10% or more probability that a well of thesubstrate has more than one cell. There can be at least a 0.1, 0.5, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10% or more probability that a well of thesubstrate has more than one cell. Distribution of single cells intowells of the substrate can be random. Distribution of single cells intowells of the substrate can be non-random. The cells can be separatedsuch that a well of the substrate receives only one cell.

In some embodiments, the protein binding reagents can be additionallyconjugated with fluorescent molecules to enable flow sorting of cellsinto individual compartments.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein provide contacting aplurality of compositions with the sample for specific binding with theplurality of protein targets. It would be appreciated that theconditions used may allow specific binding of the protein bindingreagents, e.g., antibodies, to the protein targets. Following thecontacting step, unbound compositions can be removed. For example, inembodiments where the sample comprises cells, and the compositionsspecifically bind to protein targets are cell-surface proteins, unboundcompositions can be removed by washing the cells with buffer such thatonly compositions that specifically bind to the protein targets remainwith the cells.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein can provide releasingthe plurality of nucleic acid target molecules from the sample, e.g.,cells. For example, the cells can be lysed to release the plurality ofnucleic acid target molecules. Cell lysis may be accomplished by any ofa variety of means, for example, by chemical treatment, osmotic shock,thermal treatment, mechanical treatment, optical treatment, or anycombination thereof. Cells may be lysed by addition of a cell lysisbuffer comprising a detergent (e.g. SDS, Li dodecyl sulfate, TritonX-100, Tween-20, or NP-40), an organic solvent (e.g. methanol oracetone), or digestive enzymes (e.g. proteinase K, pepsin, or trypsin),or any combination thereof.

It would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that theplurality of nucleic acid molecules can comprise a variety of nucleicacid molecules. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acidmolecules can comprise, DNA molecules, RNA molecules, genomic DNAmolecules, mRNA molecules, rRNA molecules, siRNA molecules, or acombination thereof, and can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Insome embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acid molecules comprise atleast 100, at least 1,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least30,000, at least 40,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000, at least1,000,000, or more species. In some embodiments, the plurality ofnucleic acid molecules can be from a sample, such as a single cell, or aplurality of cells. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acidmolecules can be pooled from a plurality of samples, such as a pluralityof single cells.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein can compriseassociating a barcode (e.g., a stochastic barcode), which can include abarcode sequence (such as a molecular label), a cell label, a samplelabel, etc., or any combination thereof, to the plurality of nucleicacid target molecules and the plurality of oligonucleotides of theprotein binding reagents. For example, a plurality of oligonucleotideprobes comprising a barcode can be used to hybridize to the plurality ofnucleic acid target molecules and the plurality of oligonucleotides ofthe compositions.

In some embodiments, the plurality of oligonucleotide probes can beimmobilized on solid supports. The solid supports can be free floating,e.g., beads in a solution. The solid supports can be embedded in asemi-solid or solid array. In some embodiments, the plurality ofoligonucleotide probes may not be immobilized on solid supports. Whenthe plurality of oligonucleotide probes are in close proximity to theplurality of nucleic acid target molecules and the plurality ofoligonucleotides of the protein binding reagents, the plurality ofnucleic acid target molecules and the plurality of oligonucleotides ofthe protein binding reagents can hybridize to the oligonucleotideprobes. The oligonucleotide probes can be contacted at a non-depletableratio such that each distinct nucleic acid target molecules andoligonucleotides of the protein binding reagents can associate witholigonucleotide probes having different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular labels) of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein provide detaching theoligonucleotides from the protein binding reagents that are specificallybound to the protein targets. Detachment can be performed in a varietyof ways to separate the chemical group from the protein binding reagent,such as UV photocleaving, chemical treatment (e.g., dithiothreitol),heating, enzyme treatment, or any combination thereof. Detaching theoligonucleotide from the protein binding reagent can be performed eitherbefore, after, or during the step of hybridizing the plurality ofoligonucleotide probes to the plurality of nucleic acid target moleculesand the plurality of oligonucleotides of the compositions.

Association of Barcodes

The oligonucleotides of the protein binding reagents and/or the nucleicacid molecules may randomly associate with the oligonucleotide probes.Association can, for example, comprise hybridization of anoligonucleotide probe's target binding region to a complementary portionof the target nucleic acid molecule and/or the oligonucleotides of theprotein binding reagents (e.g., oligo(dT) of the barcode can interactwith a poly(A) tail of a target nucleic acid molecule and/or a poly(A)tail of an oligonucleotide of a protein binding reagent). The assayconditions used for hybridization (e.g. buffer pH, ionic strength,temperature, etc.) can be chosen to promote formation of specific,stable hybrids.

The disclosure provides for methods of associating a barcode sequence(e.g., a molecular label) with a target nucleic acid and/or anoligonucleotide of a protein binding reagent using reversetranscription. As a reverse transcriptase can use both RNA and DNA astemplate, the oligonucleotide originally conjugated on the proteinbinding reagent can compose of either RNA or DNA bases, or both. Theprotein binding reagent specific oligonucleotides can be copied andcovalently linked to the cell label and barcode sequence (e.g.,molecular label) in addition to cellular mRNA molecules.

In some embodiments, barcode sequences (e.g., molecular labels) can beadded by ligation of an oligonucleotide probe target binding region anda portion of the target nucleic acid molecule and/or theoligonucleotides of the protein binding reagents. For example, thetarget binding region may comprise a nucleic acid sequence that can becapable of specific hybridization to a restriction site overhang (e.g.an EcoRI sticky-end overhang). The methods can further comprise treatingthe target nucleic acids and/or the oligonucleotides of the proteinbinding reagents with a restriction enzyme (e.g. EcoRI) to create arestriction site overhang. A ligase (e.g., T4 DNA ligase) may be used tojoin the two fragments.

Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Protein and Nucleic Acid Targets

FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary method ofsimultaneous quantitative analysis of both protein and nucleic acidtargets in single cells. In some embodiments, a plurality ofcompositions 505, 505 b, 505 c, etc., each comprising a protein bindingreagent, such as an antibody, is provided. Different protein bindingreagents, such as antibodies, which bind to different protein targetsare conjugated with different unique identifiers. Next, the proteinbinding reagents can be incubates with a sample containing a pluralityof cells 510. The different protein binding reagents can specificallybind to proteins on the cell surface, such as a cell marker, a B-cellreceptor, a T-cell receptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibilitycomplex, a tumor antigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof.Unbound protein binding reagents can be removed, e.g., by washing thecells with a buffer. The cells with the protein binding reagents can bethen separated into a plurality of compartments, such as a microwellarray, wherein a single compartment 515 is sized to fit a single celland a single bead 520. Each bead can comprise a plurality ofoligonucleotide probes, which can comprise a cell label that is commonto all oligonucleotide probes on a bead, and barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, each oligonucleotideprobe can comprise a target binding region, for example, a poly(dT)sequence. The oligonucleotides 525 conjugated to the antibody can bedetached from the antibody using chemical, optical or other means. Thecell can be lysed 535 to release nucleic acids within the cell, such asgenomic DNA or cellular mRNA 530. Cellular mRNA 530, oligonucleotides525 or both can be captured by the oligonucleotide probes on bead 520,for example, by hybridizing to the poly(dT) sequence. A reversetranscriptase can be used to extend the oligonucleotide probeshybridized to the cellular mRNA 530 and the oligonucleotides 525 usingthe cellular mRNA 530 and the oligonucleotides 525 as templates. Theextension products produced by the reverse transcriptase can be subjectto amplification and sequencing. Sequencing reads can be subject todemultiplexing of a cell label, a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecularlabel), gene identity, antibody specific oligo identity, etc., which cangive rise to a digital representation of protein and gene expression ofeach single cell in the sample.

Determining the Number of Unique Barcode Sequences (e.g., MolecularLabel Sequences)

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein comprise determiningthe number of unique barcode sequences (e.g., molecular label sequences)for each unique identifier and/or each nucleic acid target molecule. Forexample, the sequencing reads can be used to determine the number ofunique barcode sequences for each unique identifier and/or each nucleicacid target molecule.

In some embodiments, the number of unique barcode sequences for eachunique identifier and/or each nucleic acid target molecule indicates thequantity of each protein target and/or each nucleic acid target moleculein the sample. In some embodiments, the quantity of a protein target andthe quantity of its corresponding nucleic acid target molecules, e.g.,mRNA molecules, can be compared to each other. In some embodiments, theratio of the quantity of a protein target and the quantity of itscorresponding nucleic acid target molecules, e.g., mRNA molecules, canbe calculated. The protein targets can be, for example, cell surfaceprotein markers. In some embodiments, the ratio between the proteinlevel of a cell surface protein marker and the level of the mRNA of thecell surface protein marker is low.

The methods disclosed herein can be used for a variety of applications.For example, the methods disclosed herein can be used for proteomeand/or transcriptome analysis of a sample. In some embodiments, themethods disclosed herein can be used to identify a protein target and/ora nucleic acid target, i.e., a biomarker, in a sample. In someembodiments, the protein target and the nucleic acid target correspondto each other, i.e., the nucleic acid target encodes the protein target.In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein can be used toidentify protein targets that have a desired ratio between the quantityof the protein target and the quantity of its corresponding nucleic acidtarget molecule in a sample, e.g., mRNA molecule. In some embodiments,the ratio is at least 0.001, at least 0.01, at least 0.1, at least 1, atleast 10, at least 100, at least 1000, or more, or a range between anytwo of the above values. In some embodiments, the ratio is at most0.001, at most 0.01, at most 0.1, at most 1, at most 10, at most 100, atmost 1000, or less, or a range between any two of the above values. Insome embodiments, the methods disclosed herein can be used to identifyprotein targets in a sample that the quantity of its correspondingnucleic acid target molecule in the sample is less than 1000, less than100, less than 10, less than 5, less than 2, less than 1, or is 0.

Kits

Some embodiments disclosed herein provide kits for simultaneousquantitative analysis of a plurality of proteins and a plurality ofnucleic acid target molecules in a sample comprising a plurality ofprotein binding reagents each conjugated with an oligonucleotide,wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifier for theprotein binding reagent, and a plurality of oligonucleotide probes,wherein each of the plurality of oligonucleotide probes comprises atarget binding region, a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence), wherein the barcode sequence is selected from a diverse setof unique barcode sequences (e.g., molecular label sequences). Disclosedherein include kits for simultaneous quantitative analysis of aplurality of protein targets and a plurality of nucleic acid targetmolecules in a sample comprising a plurality of compositions eachcomprising a plurality of protein binding reagents each conjugated withan oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a uniqueidentifier for one of the plurality of protein binding reagents that itis conjugated therewith, and the protein binding reagents are capable ofspecifically binding to a protein target (e.g., different parts of theprotein target, different fragments of the protein target, or differentisoforms of the protein target), and a plurality of oligonucleotideprobes. Disclosed herein include kits for simultaneous quantitativeanalysis of a plurality of protein targets and a plurality of nucleicacid target molecules in a sample comprising a plurality of compositionseach comprising a plurality of protein binding reagents each conjugatedwith an oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a uniqueidentifier for the protein binding reagent that it is conjugatedtherewith, and the protein binding reagents are capable of specificallybinding to a protein target, and a plurality of oligonucleotide probes.

The number of protein binding reagents of the plurality of proteinbinding reagents that are capable of specifically binding to the proteintarget can be different in different implementations. In someembodiments, the number of protein binding reagents capable ofspecifically binding to the protein target can be, or about, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60,70, 80, 90, 100, or a number or a range between any two of these values.In some embodiments, the number of protein binding reagents capable ofspecifically binding to the protein target can be at least, or at most,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30,40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100.

In some embodiments, each of the oligonucleotides can comprise a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label), a cell label, a sample label, or anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, each of the oligonucleotidescan comprise a linker. In some embodiments, each of the oligonucleotidescan comprise a binding site for an oligonucleotide probe, such as apoly(A) tail. For example, the poly(A) tail can be, e.g., oligodA₁₈(unanchored to a solid support) or oligoA₁₈V (anchored to a solidsupport). The oligonucleotides can comprise DNA residues, RNA residues,or both.

The unique identifiers can have any suitable length, for example, fromabout 25 nucleotides to about 45 nucleotides long. In some embodiments,the unique identifier can have a length that is, is about, is less than,is greater than, 4 nucleotides, 5 nucleotides, 6 nucleotides, 7nucleotides, 8 nucleotides, 9 nucleotides, 10 nucleotides, 15nucleotides, 20 nucleotides, 25 nucleotides, 30 nucleotides, 35nucleotides, 40 nucleotides, 45 nucleotides, 50 nucleotides, 55nucleotides, 60 nucleotides, 70 nucleotides, 80 nucleotides, 90nucleotides, 100 nucleotides, 200 nucleotides, or a range that isbetween any two of the above values.

In some embodiments, the unique identifiers are selected from a diverseset of unique identifiers. The diverse set of unique identifiers cancomprise at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 200,at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, atleast 800, at least 900, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000,or more different unique identifiers. In some embodiments, the set ofunique identifiers is designed to have minimal sequence homology to theDNA or RNA sequences of the sample to be analyzed. In some embodiments,the sequences of the set of unique identifiers are different from eachother, or the complement thereof, by at least 1 nucleotide, at least 2nucleotides, at least 3 nucleotides, at least 4 nucleotides, at least 5nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 7 nucleotides, at least 8nucleotides, at least 9 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, or more.

In some embodiments, the unique identifiers can comprise a binding sitefor a primer, such as universal primer. In some embodiments, the uniqueidentifiers can comprise at least two binding sites for a primer, suchas a universal primer. In some embodiments, the unique identifiers cancomprise at least three binding sites for a primer, such as a universalprimer. The primers can be used for amplification of the uniqueidentifiers, for example, by PCR amplification. In some embodiments, theprimers can be used for nested PCR reactions.

Any suitable protein binding reagents are contemplated in thisdisclosure, such as antibodies or fragments thereof, aptamers, smallmolecules, ligands, peptides, oligonucleotides, etc., or any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the protein binding reagents can bepolyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies,single-chain antibody (scAb), or fragments thereof, such as Fab, Fv,etc. In some embodiments, the plurality of protein binding reagents cancomprise at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 200,at least 300, at least 400, at least 500, at least 600, at least 700, atleast 800, at least 900, at least 1,000, at least 2,000, at least 5,000,or more different protein binding reagents.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide is conjugated with the proteinbinding reagent through a linker. In some embodiments, theoligonucleotide can be conjugated with the protein binding reagentcovalently. In some embodiment, the oligonucleotide can be conjugatedwith the protein binding reagent non-covalently. In some embodiments,the linker can comprise a chemical group that reversibly attaches theoligonucleotide to the protein binding reagents. The chemical group canbe conjugated to the linker, for example, through an amine group. Insome embodiments, the linker can comprise a chemical group that forms astable bond with another chemical group conjugated to the proteinbinding reagent. For example, the chemical group can be a UVphotocleavable group, streptavidin, biotin, amine, etc. In someembodiments, the chemical group can be conjugated to the protein bindingreagent through a primary amine on an amino acid, such as lysine, or theN-terminus. The oligonucleotide can be conjugated to any suitable siteof the protein binding reagent, as long as it does not interfere withthe specific binding between the protein binding reagent and its proteintarget. In embodiments where the protein binding reagent is an antibody,the oligonucleotide can be conjugated to the antibody anywhere otherthan the antigen-binding site, for example, the Fc region, the C_(H)1domain, the C_(H)2 domain, the C_(H)3 domain, the C_(L) domain, etc. Insome embodiments, each protein binding reagent can be conjugated with asingle oligonucleotide molecule. In some embodiments, each proteinbinding reagent can be conjugated with more than one oligonucleotidemolecule, for example, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5,at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, atleast 100, at least 1,000, or more oligonucleotide molecules, whereineach of the oligonucleotide molecule comprises the same uniqueidentifier.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein binding reagents arecapable of specifically binding to a plurality of protein targets in asample, such as a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue sample, atumor sample, a blood sample, or the like. In some embodiments, theplurality of protein targets comprises a cell-surface protein, a cellmarker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, an antibody, a majorhistocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, a receptor, or anycombination thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of proteintargets can comprise intracellular proteins. In some embodiments, theplurality of protein targets can comprise intracellular proteins. Insome embodiments, the plurality of proteins can be at least 1%, at least2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, atleast 8%, at least 9%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, atleast 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, atleast 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or more, of all theencoded proteins in an organism. In some embodiments, the plurality ofprotein targets can comprise at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, atleast 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least50, at least 100, at least 1,000, at least 10,000, or more differentprotein targets.

Single Cell Sequencing Control Particles

Disclosed herein includes control particle compositions that can be usedfor, for example, single cell sequencing control. The control particlecompositions can be used in any suitable methods, kits and systemsdisclosed herein, for example the methods, kits and systems formeasuring cellular component expression level (for example proteinexpression level) using cellular component binding reagents associatedwith oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the control particlecomposition comprises a plurality of control particle oligonucleotidesassociated with a control particle. The control particle associated withthe plurality of control particle oligonucleotides is referred to hereinalso as a functionalized control particle. FIG. 6A is a non-limitingexemplary schematic illustration of a particle functionalized with aplurality of oligonucleotides. FIG. 6A shows that the control particleoligonucleotide associated with the control particle can comprise acontrol barcode sequence and a poly(dA) region, mimicking a mRNA poly(A)tail. The control particle oligonucleotide can comprise a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), a binding site for auniversal primer, or a combination thereof. The control particleoligonucleotides associated with the control particles can be the sameor different from one another. In some embodiments, at least two of thecontrol particle oligonucleotides associated with the control particlehave different control barcode sequence. In some embodiments, aplurality of a first control particle oligonucleotides and a pluralityof a second control oligonucleotides are associated with the controlparticle, wherein the first and the second particle oligonucleotideshave different control barcode sequence.

A bead, such as the CompBead™ Plus (BD (Franklin Lake, N.J.)) can befunctionalized with antibodies conjugated with oligonucleotides.CompBeads Plus are about 7.5 microns in size, which is similar to thesize of an immune cell. When functionalized with antibodies conjugatedwith oligonucleotides, CompBead Plus can be used as control cells orcontrol particles for single cell workflows. The AbO functionalized beadcan be used with any single cell workflow as a single cell sequencingcontrol.

Control Particle Oligonucleotide

The length of the control barcode sequence can be different in differentimplementations. In some embodiments, the control barcode sequence is,or about, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25,30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 128, 130, 140, 150,160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290,300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430,440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570,580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710,720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850,860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990,1000, or a number or a range between any two of these values,nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the In some embodiments, thecontrol barcode sequence is at least, or at most, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80,90, 100, 110, 120, 128, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210,220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350,360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490,500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630,640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770,780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910,920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, or 1000, nucleotides in length.

The length of the control particle oligonucleotide can be different indifferent implementations. In some embodiments, the control particleoligonucleotide is, or about, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 110, 120, 128, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220,230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360,370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500,510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640,650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780,790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920,930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, 1000, or a number or a range betweenany two of these values, nucleotides in length. In some embodiments,the. In some embodiments, the control particle oligonucleotide is atleast, or at most, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110,120, 128, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240,250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380,390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520,530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660,670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800,810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940,950, 960, 970, 980, 990, or 1000, nucleotides in length.

In some embodiments, the number of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides can be, or about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900,1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 20000,30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000 100000, 1000000,10000000, 100000000, 1000000000, or a number or a range between any twoof these values. In some embodiments, the number of the plurality ofcontrol particle oligonucleotides can be at least, or at most, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300,400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000,8000, 9000, 10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000,90000 100000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000, or 1000000000.

The plurality of control particle oligonucleotides can comprise the sameor different control barcode sequences. For example, at least two of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides can comprise differentcontrol barcode sequences. In some embodiments, the control barcodesequences of at least or at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30,40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900,1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 20000,30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000 100000, 1000000,10000000, 100000000, or 1000000000 of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides can be identical. In some embodiments, the controlbarcode sequences of, or about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30,40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900,1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 20000,30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000 100000, 1000000,10000000, 100000000, 1000000000, or a number or a range between any twoof these values, of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidescan be identical.

The control barcode sequences of at least or at most 0.000000001%,0.00000001%, 0.0000001%, 0.000001%, 0.00001%, 0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%,0.1%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%,16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%,30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%,44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%,58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%,72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%,86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,100%, or a number or a range between any two of these values of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides can be identical. Thecontrol barcode sequences of, or about, 0.000000001%, 0.00000001%,0.0000001%, 0.000001%, 0.00001%, 0.0001%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 2%,3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%,19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%,33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%,47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%,61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%,75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%,89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 100%, or a numberor a range between any two of these values, of the plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides can be identical.

In some embodiments, the control barcode sequence is not homologous togenomic sequences of a species. The control barcode sequence can behomologous to genomic sequences of a species. The species can be anon-mammalian species. The non-mammalian species can be a phage species.The phage species can be T7 phage, a PhiX phage, or a combinationthereof.

Control Particle

In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides is associated with the control particle through alinker. The at least one of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides can comprise the linker. The linker can comprise achemical group. The chemical group can be reversibly or irreversiblyattached to the at least one of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides. The chemical group can comprise a UV photocleavablegroup, a disulfide bond, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfidelinkage, or any combination thereof.

The diameter of the control particle can be, or about, 1-1000micrometers, such as 10-100 micrometer or 7.5 micrometer. In someembodiments, the diameter of the control particle can be, or about, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200,300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 micrometers, or a number or arange between any two of these values. In some embodiments, the diameterof the control particle can be at least, or at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500,600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 micrometers.

In some embodiments, the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidesis immobilized on the control particle. The plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides can be partially immobilized on the controlparticle. The plurality of control particle oligonucleotides can beenclosed in the control particle. The plurality of control particleoligonucleotides can be partially enclosed in the control particle. Thecontrol particle can be disruptable.

In some embodiments, the control particle can be a bead. The bead cancomprise a Sepharose bead, a streptavidin bead, an agarose bead, amagnetic bead, a conjugated bead, a protein A conjugated bead, a proteinG conjugated bead, a protein A/G conjugated bead, a protein L conjugatedbead, an oligo(dT) conjugated bead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead,an anti-biotin microbead, an anti-fluorochrome microbead, or anycombination thereof. The control particle can comprise a material ofpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose,gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene,acrylic polymer, titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone,or any combination thereof. The control particle can comprise adisruptable hydrogel particle.

Protein Binding Reagent

In some embodiments, the control particle is associated with a pluralityof first protein binding reagents, and at least one of the plurality offirst protein binding reagents is associated with one of the pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides. FIG. 6B shows a non-limitingexemplary particle coated with a number of antibodies functionalizedwith oligonucleotides. The first protein binding reagent can comprise afirst antibody (e.g., a primary antibody, or a secondary antibody). Thecontrol particle oligonucleotide can be conjugated to the first proteinbinding reagent through a linker. The first control particleoligonucleotide can comprise the linker. The linker can comprise achemical group. The chemical group can be reversibly or irreversiblyattached to the first protein binding reagent. The chemical group cancomprise a UV photocleavable group, a disulfide bond, a streptavidin, abiotin, an amine, a disulfide linkage, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the control particle is associated with a pluralityof second protein binding reagents. At least one of the plurality ofsecond protein binding reagents can be associated with one of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides. FIG. 6C shows anon-limiting exemplary particle coated with a plurality of firstantibodies functionalized with oligonucleotides and a plurality ofsecond antibodies not functionalized with oligonucleotides. Theantibodies on the control particle can be titrated with ratios of hotantibodies (e.g., associated with control particle oligonucleotide) andcold antibodies (e.g., not associated with control particleoligonucleotides) to alter the amount of sequencing reads obtained froma control particle. The first antibodies and the second antibodies canbe the same or different.

FIG. 6D is a non-limiting exemplary schematic illustration of a particlefunctionalized with a plurality of first control particleoligonucleotides, a plurality of second control particleoligonucleotides conjugated to a plurality of second antibodies and aplurality of third control particle oligonucleotides with relative high,medium, and low abundance. The plurality of first control particleoligonucleotides can be conjugated to a plurality of first proteinbinding reagents. The plurality of second control particleoligonucleotides can be conjugated to a plurality of second proteinbinding reagents. The plurality of third control particleoligonucleotides can be conjugated to a plurality of third proteinbinding reagents.

The relative abundance of the first, second, and third control particleoligonucleotides can mimic mRNAs with different expression levels. Thecontrol particle oligonucleotide associated with the first proteinbinding reagent and the control particle oligonucleotide associated withthe second protein binding reagent can comprise different controlbarcode sequences. Different protein binding reagents, such asantibodies, and the different control particle oligonucleotides on thecontrol particle can be titrated to generate a standard curve. The firstprotein binding reagents, the second protein binding reagents, or thethird protein binding reagents can be identical or different proteinbinding reagents.

In some embodiments, the ratio of the number of the plurality of firstcontrol particle oligonucleotides and the number of the plurality ofsecond (or third) control particle oligonucleotides can be, or be about,1:1, 1:1.1, 1:1.2, 1:1.3, 1:1.4, 1:1.5, 1:1.6, 1:1.7, 1:1.8, 1:1.9, 1:2,1:2.5, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14,1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23, 1:24, 1:25, 1:26,1:27, 1:28, 1:29, 1:30, 1:31, 1:32, 1:33, 1:34, 1:35, 1:36, 1:37, 1:38,1:39, 1:40, 1:41, 1:42, 1:43, 1:44, 1:45, 1:46, 1:47, 1:48, 1:49, 1:50,1:51, 1:52, 1:53, 1:54, 1:55, 1:56, 1:57, 1:58, 1:59, 1:60, 1:61, 1:62,1:63, 1:64, 1:65, 1:66, 1:67, 1:68, 1:69, 1:70, 1:71, 1:72, 1:73, 1:74,1:75, 1:76, 1:77, 1:78, 1:79, 1:80, 1:81, 1:82, 1:83, 1:84, 1:85, 1:86,1:87, 1:88, 1:89, 1:90, 1:91, 1:92, 1:93, 1:94, 1:95, 1:96, 1:97, 1:98,1:99, 1:100, or a number or a range between any two of these numbers. Insome embodiments, the ratio of the number of the plurality of firstcontrol particle oligonucleotides and the number of the plurality ofsecond (or third) control particle oligonucleotides can be at least, orat most, 1:1, 1:1.1, 1:1.2, 1:1.3, 1:1.4, 1:1.5, 1:1.6, 1:1.7, 1:1.8,1:1.9, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12,1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23, 1:24,1:25, 1:26, 1:27, 1:28, 1:29, 1:30, 1:31, 1:32, 1:33, 1:34, 1:35, 1:36,1:37, 1:38, 1:39, 1:40, 1:41, 1:42, 1:43, 1:44, 1:45, 1:46, 1:47, 1:48,1:49, 1:50, 1:51, 1:52, 1:53, 1:54, 1:55, 1:56, 1:57, 1:58, 1:59, 1:60,1:61, 1:62, 1:63, 1:64, 1:65, 1:66, 1:67, 1:68, 1:69, 1:70, 1:71, 1:72,1:73, 1:74, 1:75, 1:76, 1:77, 1:78, 1:79, 1:80, 1:81, 1:82, 1:83, 1:84,1:85, 1:86, 1:87, 1:88, 1:89, 1:90, 1:91, 1:92, 1:93, 1:94, 1:95, 1:96,1:97, 1:98, 1:99, or 1:100.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent can be associatedwith a partner binding reagent (e.g., a secondary antibody), and thefirst protein binding reagent is associated with the control particleusing the partner binding reagent. The partner binding reagent cancomprise a partner antibody. The partner antibody can comprise ananti-cat antibody, an anti-chicken antibody, an anti-cow antibody, ananti-dog antibody, an anti-donkey antibody, an anti-goat antibody, ananti-guinea pig antibody, an anti-hamster antibody, an anti-horseantibody, an anti-human antibody, an anti-llama antibody, an anti-monkeyantibody, an anti-mouse antibody, an anti-pig antibody, an anti-rabbitantibody, an anti-rat antibody, an anti-sheep antibody, or a combinationthereof. The partner antibody can comprise an immunoglobulin G (IgG), aF(ab′) fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment, a combination thereof, or afragment thereof.

In some embodiments, the first protein binding reagent is associatedwith two or more of the plurality of control particle oligonucleotideswith an identical control barcode sequence. The first protein bindingreagent can be associated with two or more of the plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides with different control barcode sequences. Insome embodiments, at least one of the plurality of first protein bindingreagents is not associated with any of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides. The first protein binding reagent associated with thecontrol particle oligonucleotide and the first protein binding reagentnot associated with any control particle oligonucleotide can beidentical protein binding reagents.

Control Barcode Diversity

The plurality of control particle oligonucleotides associated with onecontrol particle can comprise a number of control particleoligonucleotides with different control barcode sequences. The number ofcontrol barcode sequences that control particle oligonucleotides havecan be different in different implementation. In some embodiments, thenumber of control barcode sequences that the control particleoligonucleotides have can be, or about, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800,900, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, or a number or a range between anytwo of these values. In some embodiments, the number of control barcodesequences that the control particle oligonucleotides have can be atleast, or at most, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60,70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000,100000, or 1000000.

In some embodiments, the number of control particle oligonucleotideswith the same control particle oligonucleotide sequence can be, orabout, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000, 100000,1000000, or a number or a range between any two of these values. In someembodiments, the number of control particle oligonucleotides with thesame control particle oligonucleotide sequence can be at least, or atmost, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000, 100000, or1000000.

In some embodiments, the plurality of control particle oligonucleotidescomprises a plurality of first control particle oligonucleotides eachcomprising a first control barcode sequence, and a plurality of secondcontrol particle oligonucleotides each comprising a second controlbarcode sequence, and the first control barcode sequence and the secondcontrol barcode sequence have different sequences. The number of theplurality of first control particle oligonucleotides and the number ofthe plurality of second control particle oligonucleotides can be aboutthe same. The number of the plurality of first control particleoligonucleotides and the number of the plurality of second controlparticle oligonucleotides can be different. The number of the pluralityof first control particle oligonucleotides can be at least 2 times, 10times, 100 times, or more greater than the number of the plurality ofsecond control particle oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the ratioof the number of the plurality of first control particleoligonucleotides and the number of the plurality of second controlparticle oligonucleotides can be, or be about, 1:1, 1:1.1, 1:1.2, 1:1.3,1:1.4, 1:1.5, 1:1.6, 1:1.7, 1:1.8, 1:1.9, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5,1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16, 1:17,1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23, 1:24, 1:25, 1:26, 1:27, 1:28, 1:29,1:30, 1:31, 1:32, 1:33, 1:34, 1:35, 1:36, 1:37, 1:38, 1:39, 1:40, 1:41,1:42, 1:43, 1:44, 1:45, 1:46, 1:47, 1:48, 1:49, 1:50, 1:51, 1:52, 1:53,1:54, 1:55, 1:56, 1:57, 1:58, 1:59, 1:60, 1:61, 1:62, 1:63, 1:64, 1:65,1:66, 1:67, 1:68, 1:69, 1:70, 1:71, 1:72, 1:73, 1:74, 1:75, 1:76, 1:77,1:78, 1:79, 1:80, 1:81, 1:82, 1:83, 1:84, 1:85, 1:86, 1:87, 1:88, 1:89,1:90, 1:91, 1:92, 1:93, 1:94, 1:95, 1:96, 1:97, 1:98, 1:99, 1:100,1:200, 1:300, 1:400, 1:500, 1:600, 1:700, 1:800, 1:900, 1:1000, 1:2000,1:3000, 1:4000, 1:5000, 1:6000, 1:7000, 1:8000, 1:9000, 1:10000, or anumber or a range between any two of the values. In some embodiments,the ratio of the number of the plurality of first control particleoligonucleotides and the number of the plurality of second controlparticle oligonucleotides can be at least, or at most, 1:1, 1:1.1,1:1.2, 1:1.3, 1:1.4, 1:1.5, 1:1.6, 1:1.7, 1:1.8, 1:1.9, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3,1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, 1:13, 1:14, 1:15, 1:16,1:17, 1:18, 1:19, 1:20, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23, 1:24, 1:25, 1:26, 1:27, 1:28,1:29, 1:30, 1:31, 1:32, 1:33, 1:34, 1:35, 1:36, 1:37, 1:38, 1:39, 1:40,1:41, 1:42, 1:43, 1:44, 1:45, 1:46, 1:47, 1:48, 1:49, 1:50, 1:51, 1:52,1:53, 1:54, 1:55, 1:56, 1:57, 1:58, 1:59, 1:60, 1:61, 1:62, 1:63, 1:64,1:65, 1:66, 1:67, 1:68, 1:69, 1:70, 1:71, 1:72, 1:73, 1:74, 1:75, 1:76,1:77, 1:78, 1:79, 1:80, 1:81, 1:82, 1:83, 1:84, 1:85, 1:86, 1:87, 1:88,1:89, 1:90, 1:91, 1:92, 1:93, 1:94, 1:95, 1:96, 1:97, 1:98, 1:99, 1:100,1:200, 1:300, 1:400, 1:500, 1:600, 1:700, 1:800, 1:900, 1:1000, 1:2000,1:3000, 1:4000, 1:5000, 1:6000, 1:7000, 1:8000, 1:9000, or 1:10000.

Detectable Moiety

In some embodiments, the control particle is associated with adetectable moiety, for example an optical moiety, such as a fluorophoreor a chromophore. The control particle oligonucleotide can be associatedwith a detectable moiety, for example an optical moiety. In someembodiments, the first protein binding reagent can be associated with anoptical moiety (FIG. 6E). The second protein binding reagent can beassociated with an optical moiety. A control particle associated with anoptical moiety (e.g., a bead fluorescently tagged) can also be used forimaging and flow cytometry.

The detectable moiety can be selected from a group ofspectrally-distinct detectable moieties. Spectrally-distinct detectablemoieties include detectable moieties with distinguishable emissionspectra even if their emission spectral may overlap. Non-limitingexamples of detectable moieties include Xanthene derivatives:fluorescein, rhodamine, Oregon green, eosin, and Texas red; Cyaninederivatives: cyanine, indocarbocyanine, oxacarbocyanine,thiacarbocyanine, and merocyanine; Squaraine derivatives and ring-substituted squaraines, including Seta, SeTau, and Square dyes; Naphthalenederivatives (dansyl and prodan derivatives); Coumarin derivatives;oxadiazole derivatives: pyridyloxazole, nitrobenzoxadiazole andbenzoxadiazole; Anthracene derivatives: anthraquinones, including DRAQ5,DRAQ7 and CyTRAK Orange; Pyrene derivatives: cascade blue; Oxazinederivatives: Nile red, Nile blue, cresyl violet, oxazine 170; Acridinederivatives: proflavin, acridine orange, acridine yellow; Arylmethinederivatives: auramine, crystal violet, malachite green; and Tetrapyrrolederivatives: porphin, phthalocyanine, bilirubin. Other non-limitingexamples of detectable moieties include Hydroxycoumarin, Aminocoumarin,Methoxycoumarin, Cascade Blue, Pacific Blue, Pacific Orange, Luciferyellow, NBD, R-Phycoerythrin (PE), PE-Cy5 conjugates, PE-Cy7 conjugates,Red 613, PerCP, TruRed, FluorX, Fluorescein, BODIPY-FL, Cy2, Cy3, Cy3B,Cy3.5, Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7, TRITC, X-Rhodamine, Lissamine Rhodamine B, TexasRed, Allophycocyanin (APC), APC-Cy7 conjugates, Hoechst 33342, DAPI,Hoechst 33258, SYTOX Blue, Chromomycin A3, Mithramycin, YOYO-1, EthidiumBromide, Acridine Orange, SYTOX Green, TOTO-1, TO-PRO-1, TO-PRO: CyanineMonomer, Thiazole Orange, CyTRAK Orange, Propidium Iodide (PI), LDS 751,7-AAD, SYTOX Orange, TOTO-3, TO-PRO-3, DRAQ5, DRAQ7, Indo-1, Fluo-3,Fluo-4, DCFH, DHR, and SNARF.

The excitation wavelength of the detectable moieties can vary, forexample be, or be about, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110,120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250,260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390,400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530,540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670,680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810,820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950,960, 970, 980, 990, 1000 nanometers, or a number or a range between anytwo of these values. The emission wavelength of the detectable moietiescan also vary, for example be, or be about, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220,230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360,370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500,510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640,650, 660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780,790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920,930, 940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, 1000 nanometers, or a number or arange between any two of these values.

The molecular weights of the detectable moieties can vary, for examplebe, or be about, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130,140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270,280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410,420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550,560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, 660, 670, 680, 690,700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830,840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 970,980, 990, 1000 Daltons (Da), or a number or a range between any two ofthese values. The molecular weights of the detectable moieties can alsovary, for example be, or be about, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230,240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290, 300, 310, 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370,380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510,520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, 610, 620, 630, 640, 650,660, 670, 680, 690, 700, 710, 720, 730, 740, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790,800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 910, 920, 930,940, 950, 960, 970, 980, 990, 1000 kilo Daltons (kDa), or a number or arange between any two of these values.

The group of spectrally distinct detectable moieties can, for example,include five different fluorophores, five different chromophores, acombination of five fluorophores and chromophores, a combination of fourdifferent fluorophores and a non-fluorophore, a combination of fourchromophores and a non-chromophore, or a combination of fourfluorophores and chromophores and a non-fluorophore non-chromophore. Insome embodiments, the detectable moieties can be one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 1000, 2000, 3000,4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, or a number or a rangebetween any two of these values, of spectrally-distinct moieties.

Control Particle Workflow

The AbO functionalized bead can be used with any single cell workflow asa single cell sequencing control. Single cell workflows can utilizemicrowell arrays or microwell cartridges (e.g., BD Resolve) ormicrofluidics devices (e.g., 10× Genomics (San Francisco, Calif.),Drop-seq (McCarroll Lab, Harvard Medical School (Cambridge,Massachusett); Macosko et al., Cell, 2015 May 21 16; 5:1202, the contentof which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), or Abseq(Mission Bio (San Francisco, Calif.); Shahi et al., Sci Rep. 2017 Mar.14; 7:44447, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference inits entirety) in combination with solid or semisolid particlesassociated with stochastic barcodes (e.g., BD Resolve, or Drop-seq) ordisruptable hydrogel particles enclosing releasable stochastic barcodes(e.g., 10× Genomics, or Abseq). The functionalized bead can be a controlfor determining efficiency of single cell workflows, analogous toexternal RNA control consortiums (ERCCs) being used for bulk RNAseq ormicroarray studies.

Disclosed herein are methods for determining the numbers of targetsusing a plurality of control particle oligonucleotides. The methods fordetermining the number of targets (e.g., gene expression) can be usedwith other methods disclosed herein. For example, a workflow can be usedfor determining protein expression and gene expression using a pluralityof control particle oligonucleotides. [0495] In some embodiments, themethod comprises: barcoding (e.g., stochastically barcoding) a pluralityof targets of a cell of a plurality of cells and a plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes (e.g.,stochastic barcodes) to create a plurality of barcoded targets (e.g.,stochastically barcoded targets) and a plurality of barcoded controlparticle oligonucleotide (e.g., stochastically barcoded control particleoligonucleotides), wherein each of the plurality of barcodes comprises acell label sequence, a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label), and atarget-binding region, wherein the barcode sequences of at least twobarcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise different sequences, andwherein at least two barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise anidentical cell label sequence, wherein a control particle compositioncomprises a control particle associated with the plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides, wherein each of the plurality of controlparticle oligonucleotides comprises a control barcode sequence and apseudo-target region comprising a sequence substantially complementaryto the target-binding region of at least one of the plurality ofbarcodes. The method can comprise: obtaining sequencing data of theplurality of stochastically barcoded targets and the plurality ofstochastically barcoded control particle oligonucleotides; counting thenumber of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associated with theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides with the control barcodesequence in the sequencing data. The method can comprise: for at leastone target of the plurality of targets: counting the number of barcodesequences with distinct sequences associated with the target in thesequencing data; and estimating the number of the target, wherein thenumber of the target estimated correlates with the number of barcodesequences with distinct sequences associated with the target counted andthe number of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associated withthe control barcode sequence. In some embodiments, the pseudo-targetregion comprises a poly(dA) region. The pseudo-target region cancomprise a subsequence of the target.

In some embodiments, the number of the target estimated can correlatewith the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associatedwith the target counted, the number of barcode sequences with distinctsequences associated with the control barcode sequence, and the numberof the plurality of control particle oligonucleotides comprising thecontrol barcode sequence. The number of the target estimated cancorrelate with the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequencesassociated with the target counted, and a ratio of the number of theplurality of control particle oligonucleotides comprising the controlbarcode sequence and the number of barcode sequences with distinctsequences associated with the control barcode sequence.

For example, if the control particle has 100 control particleoligonucleotides with a particular control barcode sequence and thenumber of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associated with thecontrol barcode sequence (e.g., the number of control particleoligonucleotides with the control barcode sequence that survive thelibrary preparation process) is 80, then the efficiency of the librarypreparation (e.g., reverse transcription, amplification, etc.) is 80%.Thus, data from different library preparations can be compared bynormalizing using the library preparation efficiency.

As another example, the control particle can comprise five controlparticle oligonucleotides with a particular control barcode sequencingmimicking a low expression gene. If the number of barcode sequences withdistinct sequences associated with the control barcode sequence is five,and a low expression gene is not detected, then a conclusion that thelow expression gene is not expressed (or the cell has fewer than fivemRNAs of the gene) can be made. However, if the number of barcodesequences with distinct sequences associated with the control barcodesequence is zero, and a low expression gene is not detected, then aconclusion that the low expression gene is not expressed cannot be made.

Capture efficiency can be determined for control particleoligonucleotides with different abundance. Normalization can beperformed based on the capture efficiency of control particleoligonucleotides with two or more control barcode sequences. In someembodiments, counting the number of barcode sequences with distinctsequences associated with the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides with the control barcode sequence in the sequencingdata comprises: counting the number of barcode sequences with distinctsequences associated with the first control barcode sequence in thesequencing data; and counting the number of barcode sequences withdistinct sequences associated with the second control barcode sequencein the sequencing data. The number of the target estimated can correlatewith the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associatedwith the target counted, the number of barcode sequences with distinctsequences associated with the first control barcode sequence, and thenumber of barcode sequences with distinct sequences associated with thesecond control barcode sequence.

In some embodiments, the method comprises releasing the at least one ofthe plurality of control particle oligonucleotides from the controlparticle prior to stochastically barcoding the plurality of targets andthe control particle and the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, barcoding (e.g., stochastically barcoding) theplurality of targets and the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides using the plurality of barcodes comprises: contactingthe plurality of barcodes with targets of the plurality of targets andcontrol particle oligonucleotides of the plurality of control particleoligonucleotides to generate barcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes)hybridized to the targets and the control particle oligonucleotides; andextending the barcodes (e.g., stochastic barcodes) hybridized to thetargets and the control particle oligonucleotides to generate theplurality of stochastically barcoded targets and the plurality ofstochastically barcoded control particle oligonucleotides. Extending thebarcodes can comprise extending the barcodes using a DNA polymerase, areverse transcriptase, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises amplifying the plurality ofstochastically barcoded targets and the plurality of stochasticallybarcoded control particle oligonucleotides to produce a plurality ofamplicons. Amplifying the plurality of stochastically barcoded targetsand the plurality of stochastically barcoded control particleoligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, using polymerase chainreaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcode sequence and at leasta portion of the control particle oligonucleotide or at least a portionof the barcode sequence and at least a portion of the control particleoligonucleotide. Obtaining the sequencing data can comprise obtainingsequencing data of the plurality of amplicons. Obtaining the sequencingdata can comprise sequencing the at least a portion of the barcodesequence and the at least a portion of the control particleoligonucleotide, or the at least a portion of the barcode sequence andthe at least a portion of the control particle oligonucleotide.

Microwell Cartridge or Array Workflow

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary workflow of usingparticles functionalized with oligonucleotides for single cellsequencing control. In some embodiments, a control particle compositioncomprises a plurality of control particle oligonucleotides associatedwith a control particle 704. For example, a control particle 740 can beassociated with a control particle oligonucleotide 725 conjugated to anantibody 705 bound to the control particle 740. A plurality of controlparticles 740 functionalized with control particle oligonucleotides 725can be spiked into a plurality of cells at, for example, 5%. Controlparticles 740 can be treated as “cells” in the subsequent workflow. Thecontrol particles 740 can also be referred to as control cells orcontrol cell particles. Cells 710 and the control particles 740 can bethen separated into a plurality of compartments, such as wells of amicrowell array, wherein a single compartment 715 a, 715 b is sized tofit a single cell or control particle and a single bead 720 a, 720 b.Beads 720 a, 720 b can be loaded into the compartments 715 a, 715 b

Each bead can comprise a plurality of oligonucleotide probes, which cancomprise a cell label that is common to all oligonucleotide probes on abead, and barcode sequences (e.g., molecular label sequences). In someembodiments, each oligonucleotide probe can comprise a target bindingregion, for example, a poly(dT) sequence. The oligonucleotides 725conjugated to the antibody 705 can be detached from the antibody 705using chemical, optical or other means. The cell 710 can be lysed 735 torelease nucleic acids within the cell, such as genomic DNA or cellularmRNA 730. Cellular mRNAs 530 and control particle oligonucleotides 725can be captured by the oligonucleotide probes on beads 720 a, 720 brespectively, for example, by hybridizing to the poly(dT) sequence.Beads can be retrieved and the captured cellular mRNAs 730 and controlparticle oligonucleotides 725 (e.g., corresponding to around 5000 cellsin total) can be pooled.

A reverse transcriptase can be used to extend the oligonucleotide probeshybridized to the cellular mRNA 730 and the oligonucleotides 725 usingthe cellular mRNA 730 and the oligonucleotides 725 as templates. Theextension products produced by the reverse transcriptase can be subjectto amplification and sequencing. Sequencing reads can be subject todemultiplexing of a cell label, a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecularlabel), gene identity, control particle oligonucleotide sequence, etc.,which can be used to determine single cell gene expression profiles andquantity efficiency of the entire or part of the workflow (e.g., cellcapture efficiency). For example, the number of control particlescaptured can be determined based on the number of cell labels associatedwith the control barcode sequence in the data. The efficiency of theworkflow can be a ratio of the number of control particles captured andthe number of control particles spiked in.

Microfluidics Workflow

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of another exemplary workflow ofusing particles functionalized with oligonucleotides for single cellsequencing control. A plurality of control particles 740 functionalizedwith control particle oligonucleotides 725 can be spiked into aplurality of cells at, for example, 5%. Control particles 740 can betreated as “cells” in the subsequent workflow. The control particles 740can also be referred to as control cells or control cell particles.Cells 710 and the control particles 740 can be then separated using amicrofluidics device into a plurality of compartments, such as droplets745 a, 745. Each droplet 745 a, 745 b can include one cell 710 or onecontrol particle 740 and a hydrogel bead 720 a, 720 b.

Each bead 720 a, 720 b can comprise a plurality of oligonucleotideprobes, which can comprise a cell label that is common to alloligonucleotide probes on a bead, and barcode sequences (e.g., molecularlabel sequences). In some embodiments, each oligonucleotide probe cancomprise a target binding region, for example, a poly(dT) sequence. Thebead 720 a, 720 b can include reagents for the subsequent workflow(e.g., reverse transcription). The oligonucleotides 725 conjugated tothe antibody 705 can be detached from the antibody 705 using chemical,optical or other means. The cell 710 can be lysed 735 to release nucleicacids within the cell, such as genomic DNA or cellular mRNA 730.Cellular mRNAs 530 and control particle oligonucleotides 725 can becaptured by the oligonucleotide probes released from beads 720 a, 720 brespectively, for example, by hybridizing to the poly(dT) sequence. Areverse transcriptase can be used to extend the oligonucleotide probeshybridized to the cellular mRNA 730 and the oligonucleotides 725 usingthe cellular mRNA 730 and the oligonucleotides 725 as templates.

After breaking up the droplets 745 a, 745 b, the extension productsproduced by the reverse transcriptase can be pooled and subject toamplification and sequencing. Sequencing reads can be subject todemultiplexing of cell label, molecular label, gene identity, controlparticle oligonucleotide sequence, etc. to determine single cell geneexpression profiles and quantity efficiency of the entire or part of theworkflow.

Control Oligonucleotides for Determining Single Cell SequencingEfficiency

In some embodiments, by labeling single cells with antibodies conjugatedwith oligonucleotides (e.g., with a universal antibody or biomarkerantibody) and generating next generation sequencing libraries with them,the signals from the oligonucleotides in NGS reads can be used todetermine single cell NGS efficiency. This can then be used as a QC stepor an evaluation tool for efficacy for different single cell sequencingplatforms. For example, the control oligonucleotides can be used in anysuitable methods, kits and systems disclosed herein, for example themethods, kits and systems for measuring cellular component expressionlevel (for example protein expression level) using cellular componentbinding reagents associated with oligonucleotides.

Antibodies conjugated with oligonucleotides (referred to herein as“AbOs” can be used with any single cell workflow as a single cellsequencing control. Single cell workflows can utilize microwell arraysor microwell cartridges (e.g., BD Resolve™) or microfluidics devices(e.g., 10× Genomics (San Francisco, Calif.), Drop-seq (McCarroll Lab,Harvard Medical School (Cambridge, Mass.); Macosko et al., Cell, 2015May 21 16; 5:1202, the content of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety), or Abseq (Mission Bio (San Francisco,Calif.); Shahi et al., Sci Rep. 2017 Mar. 14; 7:44447, the content ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) incombination with solid or semisolid particles associated with barcodes,such as stochastic barcodes (e.g., BD Resolve, or Drop-seq) ordisruptable hydrogel particles enclosing releasable barcodes, such asstochastic barcodes (e.g., 10× Genomics, or Abseq). AbOs can be acontrol for determining efficiency of single cell workflows. Forexample, the single cell sequencing platform from 10× Genomics performssingle cell capture using emulsions to encapsulate single cells indroplets. Because these droplets cannot be easily visualized, captureefficiency of single cells cannot be easily determined. The use of AbOsupstream of such single cell sequencing workflow allows users toevaluate the single cell capture efficiency after sequencing and rate ofdoublet formation.

FIG. 9 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary workflow of usingcontrol oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies for determining singlecell sequencing efficiency. In some embodiments, one or more cells(e.g., 5000) 900 can be stained with an antibody 905 conjugated with acontrol oligonucleotide 925 prior to being loading onto a microwell 915of a microwell cartridge or array. Cells 910 can be then separated intoa plurality of compartments, such as wells of a microwell array, whereina single compartment 915 is sized to fit a single cell and a single bead920.

The bead can, for example, comprise a plurality of oligonucleotideprobes, which can comprise a cell label that is common to alloligonucleotide probes on a bead, and barcode sequences (e.g., molecularlabel sequences). In some embodiments, each oligonucleotide probe cancomprise a target binding region, for example, a poly(dT) sequence. Theoligonucleotides 925 conjugated to the antibody 905 can be detached fromthe antibody 905 using chemical, optical or other means. The cell 910can be lysed 935 to release nucleic acids within the cell, such asgenomic DNA or cellular mRNA 930. Cellular mRNAs 930 and controloligonucleotides 925 can be captured by the oligonucleotide probes on abead 920, for example, by hybridizing to the poly(dT) sequence. Beadscan be retrieved and the captured cellular mRNAs 930 (e.g.,corresponding to around 5000 cells in total) can be pooled.

A reverse transcriptase can be used to extend the oligonucleotide probeshybridized to the cellular mRNA 930 and the oligonucleotides 925 usingthe cellular mRNA 930 and the oligonucleotides 925 as templates. Theextension products produced by the reverse transcriptase can be subjectto amplification and sequencing. Sequencing reads can be subject todemultiplexing of a cell label, a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecularlabel), gene identity, control oligonucleotide sequence, etc. todetermine single cell gene expression profiles and quantity efficiencyof the entire or part of the workflow (e.g., cell capture efficiency).The number of cells that are captured and go through the librarypreparation successfully (e.g., fewer than 5000 cells) can bedetermined.

FIG. 10 shows another schematic illustration of an exemplary workflow ofusing control oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies for determiningsingle cell sequencing efficiency. In FIG. 10, droplets 1045 a, 1045 bcontaining a single cell 1010 a, 1010 b and a single particle 1020 a,1020 b can be formed using a microfluidic device. The single cells 1010a, 1010 b can be bound to antibodies 1005 a, 1005 b conjugated withcontrol oligonucleotides 1025 a, 1025 b. After cell lysis and reversetranscription in droplets 1045 a, 1045 b, droplets can be broken up andthe content pooled for library preparation. The number of cells that arecaptured and go through the library preparation successfully can bedetermined.

FIGS. 11A-11C are plots showing that control oligonucleotides can beused for cell counting. FIGS. 11A-11B show that control oligonucleotidesof AbOs can be used as a control for cell counting. The falling pointsof the mRNA counts plot and the control oligonucleotide counts plot cancoincide if 100% capture and library preparation efficiency is achieved.FIG. 11C shows that using conventional mRNA-only cell label calling maymiss transcriptionally low cells in the mist of transcriptionally highcells. This method may call cutoff at n cell barcodes. This may occurwhen quiescent T cells within a large population of activated T cells,where activated T cells can have several fold higher in RNAtranscription. This may also occur when in a targeted panel (e.g.,cancer panel), non-targeted cells (non-cancer cells) with low expressionof targeted genes are going to be dropped off. However, since proteinexpression is much higher, transcriptionally low cells still have higherchance to be called. This method may call cutoff at m cell barcodes,where m>n.

Disclosed herein are methods for sequencing control (e.g., determiningsingle cell sequencing efficiency). The methods for determining singlecell sequencing efficiency can be used with other methods disclosedherein. For example, the method for used for single cell sequencingefficiency can be used with the method for determining proteinexpression. As another example, a workflow can be used for determiningsingle cell sequencing efficiency, protein expression, and/or geneexpression.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: contacting one or more cellsof a plurality of cells with a control composition of a plurality ofcontrol compositions, wherein a cell of the plurality of cells comprisesa plurality of targets and a plurality of protein targets, wherein eachof the plurality of control compositions comprises a protein bindingreagent associated with a control oligonucleotide, wherein the proteinbinding reagent is capable of specifically binding to at least one ofthe plurality of protein targets, and wherein the controloligonucleotide comprises a control barcode sequence and a pseudo-targetregion comprising a sequence substantially complementary to thetarget-binding region of at least one of the plurality of barcodes;barcoding the control oligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes tocreate a plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides, wherein each ofthe plurality of barcodes comprises a cell label sequence, a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), and a target-bindingregion, wherein the barcode sequences of at least two barcodes of theplurality of barcodes comprise different sequences, and wherein at leasttwo barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise an identical celllabel sequence; obtaining sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedcontrol oligonucleotides; determining at least one characteristic (e.g.,the number of cells that are captured and go through the librarypreparation successfully) of the one or more cells using at least onecharacteristic of the plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides inthe sequencing data. In some embodiments, the pseudo-target regioncomprises a poly(dA) region.

In some embodiments, determining the at least one characteristic of theone or more cells comprises: determining the number of cell labelsequences with distinct sequences associated with the plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides in the sequencing data; anddetermining the number of the one or more cells using the number of celllabel sequences with distinct sequences associated with the plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides. The method can comprise: determiningsingle cell capture efficiency based the number of the one or more cellsdetermined. The method can comprise: comprising determining single cellcapture efficiency based on the ratio of the number of the one or morecells determined and the number of the plurality of cells.

In some embodiments, determining the at least one characteristic of theone or more cells using the characteristics of the plurality of barcodedcontrol oligonucleotides in the sequencing data comprises: for each celllabel in the sequencing data, determining the number of barcodesequences (e.g., molecular label sequences) with distinct sequencesassociated with the cell label and the control barcode sequence; anddetermining the number of the one or more cells using the number ofbarcode sequences with distinct sequences associated with the cell labeland the control barcode sequence. Determining the number of barcodesequences with distinct sequences associated with the cell label and thecontrol barcode sequence can comprise: for each cell label in thesequencing data, determining the number of barcode sequences with thehighest number of distinct sequences associated with the cell label andthe control barcode sequence. Determining the number of the one or morecells using the number of barcode sequences with distinct sequencesassociated with the cell label and the control barcode sequence cancomprise: generating a plot of the number of barcode sequences with thehighest number of distinct sequences with the number of cell labels inthe sequencing data associated with the number of barcode sequences withthe highest number of distinct sequences; and determining a cutoff inthe plot as the number of the one or more cells.

In some embodiments, the method comprises releasing the controloligonucleotide from the protein binding reagent prior to barcoding thecontrol oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the method comprisesremoving unbound control compositions of the plurality of controlcompositions. Removing the unbound control compositions can comprisewashing the one or more cells of the plurality of cells with a washingbuffer. Removing the unbound cell identification compositions cancomprise selecting cells bound to at least one protein binding reagentof the control composition using flow cytometry.

In some embodiments, barcoding the control oligonucleotides comprises:barcoding the control oligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes(e.g., stochastic barcodes) to create a plurality of stochasticallybarcoded control oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, barcoding theplurality of control oligonucleotides using the plurality of barcodescomprises: contacting the plurality of barcodes with controloligonucleotides of the plurality of control compositions to generatebarcodes hybridized to the control oligonucleotides; and extending thebarcodes hybridized to the control oligonucleotides to generate theplurality of barcoded control oligonucleotides. Extending the barcodescan comprise extending the barcodes using a DNA polymerase, a reversetranscriptase, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the methodcomprises amplifying the plurality of barcoded control oligonucleotidesto produce a plurality of amplicons. Amplifying the plurality ofbarcoded control oligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, usingpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcodesequence (e.g., molecular label sequence) and at least a portion of thecontrol oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, obtaining the sequencingdata comprises obtaining sequencing data of the plurality of amplicons.Obtaining the sequencing data can comprise sequencing the at least aportion of the molecular label sequence and the at least a portion ofthe control oligonucleotide.

Cell Overloading and Multiplet Identification

Also disclosed herein are methods, kits and systems for identifying celloverloading and multiplet. Such methods, kits and systems can be used incombination with any suitable methods, kits and systems disclosedherein, for example the methods, kits and systems for measuring cellularcomponent expression level (for example protein expression level) usingcellular component binding reagents associated with oligonucleotides.Using current cell-loading technology, when about 20000 cells are loadedinto a microwell cartridge or array with ˜60000 microwells, the numberof microwells or droplets with two or more cells (referred to asdoublets or multiplets) can be minimal. However, when the number ofcells loaded increases, the number of microwells or droplets withmultiple cells can increase significantly. For example, when about 50000cells are loaded into about 60000 microwells of a microwell cartridge orarray, the percentage of microwells with multiple cells can be quitehigh, such as 11-14%. Such loading of high number of cells intomicrowells can be referred to as cell overloading. However, if the cellsare divided into a number of groups (e.g., 5) can labeled with cellidentification oligonucleotides with distinct cell identificationsequences, a cell label associated with two or more cell identificationsequences can be identified in sequencing data and removed fromsubsequent processing. Such higher number of cells can be loaded intomicrowells relative to the number of microwells in a microwell cartridgeor array.

Disclosed herein includes methods for cell or doublet identification.The methods for cell identification or doublet identification can beused with other methods disclosed herein. For example, the method fordoublet identification can be used with the method for determiningprotein expression. As another example, a workflow can be used fordetermining doublets, protein expression, and/or gene expression ofsingle cells.

In some embodiments, the method for cell or doublet identificationcomprises: contacting a first plurality of cells and a second pluralityof cells with two cell identification compositions respectively, whereineach of the first plurality of cells and each of the second plurality ofcells comprise one or more antigen targets or protein targets, whereineach of the two cell identification compositions comprises a proteinbinding reagent associated with a cell identification oligonucleotide,wherein the protein binding reagent is capable of specifically bindingto at least one of the one or more antigen targets or protein targets,wherein the cell identification oligonucleotide comprises a cellidentification sequence, and wherein cell identification sequences ofthe two cell identification compositions comprise different sequences;barcoding the cell identification oligonucleotides using a plurality ofbarcodes to create a plurality of barcoded cell identificationoligonucleotides, wherein each of the plurality of barcodes comprises acell label sequence, a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular labelsequence), and a target-binding region, wherein the barcode sequences ofat least two barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise differentsequences, and wherein at least two barcodes of the plurality ofbarcodes comprise an identical cell label sequence; obtaining sequencingdata of the plurality of barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides;and identifying one or more cell label sequences that is each associatedwith two or more cell identification sequences in the sequencing dataobtained; and removing the sequencing data associated with the one ormore cell label sequences that is each associated with two or more cellidentification sequences from the sequencing data obtained and/orexcluding the sequencing data associated with the one or more cell labelsequences that is each associated with two or more cell identificationsequences from subsequent analysis (e.g., single cell mRNA profiling, orwhole transcriptome analysis). In some embodiments, the cellidentification oligonucleotide comprises a barcode sequence (e.g. amolecular label sequence), a binding site for a universal primer, or acombination thereof.

For example, the method can be used to load 50,000 or more cells(compared to 10,000-20,000 cells) using cell identification. Cellidentification can use oligonucleotide-conjugated protein bindingreagents (e.g., antibodies) or cellular component binding reagentsagainst a universal protein marker to label cells from different sampleswith unique cellular component binding reagents. When two or more cellsfrom different samples or two or more cells from different populationsof cells of a sample are captured in the same microwell or droplet, thecombined “cell” (or contents of the two or more cells) can be associatedwith cell identification oligonucleotides with different cellidentification sequences. The number of different populations of cellscan be different in different implementations. In some embodiments, thenumber of different populations can be, or about, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or a number or a rangebetween any two of these values. In some embodiments, the number ofdifferent populations can be at least, or at most, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100. Cells of a sample can bedivided into multiple populations by aliquoting the cells of the sampleinto the multiple populations. A cell associated with more than one cellidentification sequence can be identified as a “multiplet” based on twoor more cell identification sequences associated with one cell labelsequence in the sequencing data. The sequencing data of a combined“cell” is also referred to herein as a multiplet. A multiplet can be adoublet, a triplet, a quartet, a quintet, a sextet, a septet, an octet,a nonet, or any combination thereof.

A doublet can refer to a combined “cell” associated with two cellidentification oligonucleotides with different cell identificationsequences. A doublet can also refer to a combined “cell” associated withcell identification oligonucleotides with two cell identificationsequences. A doublet can occur when two cells associated with two cellidentification oligonucleotides of different sequences (or two or morecells associated with cell identification oligonucleotides with twodifferent cell identification sequences) are captured in the samemicrowell or droplet, the combined “cell” can be associated with twocell identification oligonucleotides with different cell identificationsequences. A triplet can refer to a combined “cell” associated withthree cell identification oligonucleotides all with different cellidentification sequences, or a combined “cell” associated with cellidentification oligonucleotides with three different cell identificationsequences. A quartet can refer to a combined “cell” associated with fourcell identification oligonucleotides all with different cellidentification sequences, or a combined “cell” associated with cellidentification oligonucleotides with four different cell identificationsequences. A quintet can refer to a combined “cell” associated with fivecell identification oligonucleotides all with different cellidentification sequences, or a combined “cell” associated with cellidentification oligonucleotides with five different cell identificationsequences. A sextet can refer to a combined “cell” associated with sixcell identification oligonucleotides all with different cellidentification sequences, or a combined “cell” associated with cellidentification oligonucleotides with six different cell identificationsequences. A septet can refer to a combined “cell” associated with sevencell identification oligonucleotides all with different cellidentification sequences, or a combined “cell” associated with cellidentification oligonucleotides with seven different cell identificationsequences. A octet can refer to a combined “cell” associated with eightcell identification oligonucleotides all with different cellidentification sequences, or a combined “cell” associated with cellidentification oligonucleotides with eight different cell identificationsequences. A nonet can refer to a combined “cell” associated with ninecell identification oligonucleotides all with different cellidentification sequences, or a combined “cell” associated with cellidentification oligonucleotides with nine different cell identificationsequences.

As another example, the method can be used for multiplet identification,whether in the context of sample overloading or in the context ofloading cells onto microwells of a microwell array or generatingdroplets containing cells. When two or more cells are loaded into onemicrowell, the resulting data from the combined “cell” (or contents ofthe two or more cells) is a multiplet with aberrant gene expressionprofile. By using cell identification, one can recognize some of thesemultiplets by looking for cell barcodes that are each associated with orassigned to two or more cell identification oligonucleotides withdifferent cell identification sequences (or cell identificationoligonucleotides with two or more cell identification sequences). Withcell identification sequence, the methods disclosed herein can be usedfor multiplet identification (whether in the context of sampleoverloading or not, or in the context of loading cells onto microwellsof a microwell array or generating droplets containing cells). In someembodiments, the method comprises: contacting a first plurality of cellsand a second plurality of cells with two cell identificationcompositions respectively, wherein each of the first plurality of cellsand each of the second plurality of cells comprise one or more proteintargets, wherein each of the two cell identification compositionscomprises a protein binding reagent associated with a cellidentification oligonucleotide, wherein the protein binding reagent iscapable of specifically binding to at least one of the one or moreprotein targets, wherein the cell identification oligonucleotidecomprises a cell identification sequence, and wherein cellidentification sequences of the two cell identification compositionscomprise different sequences; barcoding the cell identificationoligonucleotides using a plurality of barcodes to create a plurality ofbarcoded cell identification oligonucleotides, wherein each of theplurality of barcodes comprises a cell label sequence, a barcodesequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), and a target-bindingregion, wherein the barcode sequences of at least two barcodes of theplurality of barcodes comprise different sequences, and wherein at leasttwo barcodes of the plurality of barcodes comprise an identical celllabel sequence; obtaining sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedcell identification oligonucleotides; and identifying one or moremultiplet cell label sequences that is each associated with two or morecell identification sequences in the sequencing data obtained.

The number of cells that can be loaded onto microwells of a microwellcartridge or into droplets generated using a microfluidics device can belimited by the multiplet rate. Loading more cells can result in moremultiplets, which can be hard to identify and create noise in the singlecell data. With cell identification, the method can be used to moreaccurately label or identify multiplets and remove the multiplets fromthe sequencing data or subsequent analysis. Being able to identifymultiplets with higher confidence can increase user tolerance for themultiplet rate and load more cells onto each microwell cartridge orgenerating droplets with at least one cell each.

In some embodiments, contacting the first plurality of cells and thesecond plurality of cells with the two cell identification compositionsrespectively comprises: contacting the first plurality of cells with afirst cell identification compositions of the two cell identificationcompositions; and contacting the first plurality of cells with a secondcell identification compositions of the two cell identificationcompositions. The number of pluralities of cells and the number ofpluralities of cell identification compositions can be different indifferent implementations. In some embodiments, the number ofpluralities of cells and/or cell identification compositions can be, orabout, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, ora number or a range between any two of these values. In someembodiments, the number of pluralities of cells and/or cellidentification compositions can be at least, or at most, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500,600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 10000, 100000, or 1000000.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: removing unbound cellidentification compositions of the two cell identification compositions.Removing the unbound cell identification compositions can comprisewashing cells of the first plurality of cells and the second pluralityof cells with a washing buffer. Removing the unbound cell identificationcompositions can comprise selecting cells bound to at least one proteinbinding reagent of the two cell identification compositions using flowcytometry. In some embodiments, the method comprises: lysing the one ormore cells from each of the plurality of samples.

In some embodiments, the cell identification oligonucleotide isconfigured to be detachable or non-detachable from the protein bindingreagent. The method can comprise detaching the cell identificationoligonucleotide from the protein binding reagent. Detaching the cellidentification oligonucleotide can comprise detaching the cellidentification oligonucleotide from the protein binding reagent by UVphotocleaving, chemical treatment (e.g., using reducing reagent, such asdithiothreitol), heating, enzyme treatment, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, barcoding the cell identification oligonucleotidesusing the plurality of barcodes comprises: contacting the plurality ofbarcodes with the cell identification oligonucleotides to generatebarcodes hybridized to the cell identification oligonucleotides; andextending the barcodes hybridized to the cell identificationoligonucleotides to generate the plurality of barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides. Extending the barcodes can compriseextending the barcodes using a DNA polymerase to generate the pluralityof barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides. Extending the barcodescan comprise extending the barcodes using a reverse transcriptase togenerate the plurality of barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: amplifying the plurality ofbarcoded cell identification oligonucleotides to produce a plurality ofamplicons. Amplifying the plurality of barcoded cell identificationoligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, using polymerase chainreaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcode sequence and at leasta portion of the cell identification oligonucleotide. In someembodiments, obtaining the sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedcell identification oligonucleotides can comprise obtaining sequencingdata of the plurality of amplicons. Obtaining the sequencing datacomprises sequencing at least a portion of the barcode sequence and atleast a portion of the cell identification oligonucleotide. In someembodiments, identifying the sample origin of the at least one cellcomprises identifying sample origin of the plurality of barcoded targetsbased on the cell identification sequence of the at least one barcodedcell identification oligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, barcoding the cell identification oligonucleotidesusing the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality of barcoded cellidentification oligonucleotides comprises barcoding (e.g.,stochastically barcoding_(—) the cell identification oligonucleotidesusing a plurality of barcodes (e.g., a plurality of stochastic barcodes)to create a plurality of barcoded cell identification oligonucleotides(e.g., a plurality of stochastically barcoded cell identificationoligonucleotides).

In some embodiments, the method comprises: barcoding a plurality oftargets of the cell using the plurality of barcodes to create aplurality of barcoded targets, wherein each of the plurality of barcodescomprises a cell label sequence, and wherein at least two barcodes ofthe plurality of barcodes comprise an identical cell label sequence; andobtaining sequencing data of the barcoded targets. Barcoding theplurality of targets using the plurality of barcodes to create theplurality of barcoded targets can comprise: contacting copies of thetargets with target-binding regions of the barcodes; and reversetranscribing the plurality targets using the plurality of barcodes tocreate a plurality of reverse transcribed targets.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: prior to obtaining thesequencing data of the plurality of barcoded targets, amplifying thebarcoded targets to create a plurality of amplified barcoded targets.Amplifying the barcoded targets to generate the plurality of amplifiedbarcoded targets can comprise: amplifying the barcoded targets bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR). Barcoding the plurality of targets ofthe cell using the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality ofbarcoded targets can comprise barcoding (e.g., stochastically barcoding)the plurality of targets of the cell using a plurality of barcodes(e.g., a plurality of stochastic barcodes) to create a plurality ofbarcoded targets (e.g., a plurality of stochastically barcoded targets).

Determining Cellular Component-Cellular Component Interactions

Disclosed herein are methods for determining protein-proteininteractions. The methods for determining protein-protein interactionscan be used with other methods disclosed herein. For example, the methodfor determining protein-protein interactions can be used with the methodfor determining protein expression. As another example, a workflow canbe used for determining protein-protein interactions, proteinexpression, and/or gene expression of single cells. Such methods can beused in combination with any suitable methods, kits and systemsdisclosed herein, for example the methods, kits and systems formeasuring cellular component expression level (for example proteinexpression level) using cellular component binding reagents associatedwith oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the method for determining protein-proteininteractions comprises: contacting a cell with a first pair ofinteraction determination compositions, wherein the cell comprises afirst cellular component target and a second cellular component target,wherein each of the first pair of interaction determination compositionscomprises a cellular component binding reagent associated with aninteraction determination oligonucleotide, wherein the cellularcomponent binding reagent of one of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions is capable of specifically binding to thefirst cellular component target and the cellular component bindingreagent of the other of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions is capable of specifically binding to the second cellularcomponent target, and wherein the interaction determinationoligonucleotide comprises an interaction determination sequence and abridge oligonucleotide hybridization region, and wherein the interactiondetermination sequences of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions comprise different sequences; ligating the interactiondetermination oligonucleotides of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions using a bridge oligonucleotide to generate aligated interaction determination oligonucleotide, wherein the bridgeoligonucleotide comprises two hybridization regions capable ofspecifically binding to the bridge oligonucleotide hybridization regionsof the first pair of interaction determination compositions; barcodingthe ligated interaction determination oligonucleotide using a pluralityof barcodes to create a plurality of barcoded interaction determinationoligonucleotides, wherein each of the plurality of barcodes comprises abarcode sequence and a capture sequence; obtaining sequencing data ofthe plurality of barcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides;and determining an interaction between the first and second cellularcomponent targets based on the association of the interactiondetermination sequences of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions in the obtained sequencing data. In some embodiments, atleast one of the two cellular component binding reagent comprises aprotein binding reagent, wherein the protein binding reagent isassociated with one of the two interaction determinationoligonucleotides, and wherein the one or more cellular component targetscomprises at least one protein target.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: contacting a cell with afirst pair of interaction determination compositions, wherein the cellcomprises a first protein target and a second protein target, whereineach of the first pair of interaction determination compositionscomprises a protein binding reagent associated with an interactiondetermination oligonucleotide, wherein the protein binding reagent ofone of the first pair of interaction determination compositions iscapable of specifically binding to the first protein target and theprotein binding reagent of the other of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions is capable of specifically binding to thesecond protein target, and wherein the interaction determinationoligonucleotide comprises an interaction determination sequence and abridge oligonucleotide hybridization region, and wherein the interactiondetermination sequences of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions comprise different sequences; ligating the interactiondetermination oligonucleotides of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions using a bridge oligonucleotide to generate aligated interaction determination oligonucleotide, wherein the bridgeoligonucleotide comprises two hybridization regions capable ofspecifically binding to the bridge oligonucleotide hybridization regionsof the first pair of interaction determination compositions; barcodingthe ligated interaction determination oligonucleotide using a pluralityof barcodes to create a plurality of barcoded interaction determinationoligonucleotides, wherein each of the plurality of barcodes comprises abarcode sequence and a capture sequence; obtaining sequencing data ofthe plurality of barcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides;and determining an interaction between the first and second proteintargets based on the association of the interaction determinationsequences of the first pair of interaction determination compositions inthe obtained sequencing data.

In some embodiments, contacting the cell with the first pair ofinteraction determination compositions comprises: contacting the cellwith each of the first pair of interaction determination compositionssequentially or simultaneously. The first cellular component target canbe the same as the second cellular component target. The first cellularcomponent target can be different from the second cellular componenttarget.

In some embodiments, the interaction determination sequence is at least6 nucleotides in length, 25-60 nucleotides in length, about 45nucleotides in length, about 50 nucleotides in length, about 100nucleotides in length, about 128 nucleotides in length, at least 128nucleotides in length, about 200 nucleotides in length, at least 200nucleotides in length, less than about 200-300 nucleotides in length,about 200-500 nucleotides in length, about 500 nucleotides in length, orany combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the cell with asecond pair of interaction determination compositions, wherein the cellcomprises a third cellular component target and a fourth cellularcomponent target, wherein each of the second pair of interactiondetermination compositions comprises a cellular component bindingreagent associated with an interaction determination oligonucleotide,wherein the cellular component binding reagent of one of the second pairof interaction determination compositions is capable of specificallybinding to the third cellular component target and the cellularcomponent binding reagent of the other of the second pair of interactiondetermination compositions is capable of specifically binding to thefourth cellular component target. At least one of the third and fourthcellular component targets can be different from one of the first andsecond cellular component targets. At least one of the third and fourthcellular component targets and at least one of the first and secondcellular component targets can be identical.

In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the cell with threeor more pairs of interaction determination compositions. The interactiondetermination sequences of at least 10, 100, 1000, or any combinationthereof, interaction determination compositions of the plurality ofpairs of interaction determination compositions can comprise differentsequences.

In some embodiments, the bridge oligonucleotide hybridization regions ofthe first pair of interaction determination compositions comprisedifferent sequences. At least one of the bridge oligonucleotidehybridization regions can be complementary to at least one of the twohybridization regions of the bridge oligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, ligating the interaction determinationoligonucleotides of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions using the bridge oligonucleotide comprises: hybridizing afirst hybridization regions of the bridge oligonucleotide with a firstbridge oligonucleotide hybridization region of the bridgeoligonucleotide hybridization regions of the interaction determinationoligonucleotides; hybridizing a second hybridization regions of thebridge oligonucleotide with a second bridge oligonucleotidehybridization region of the bridge oligonucleotide hybridization regionsof the interaction determination oligonucleotides; and ligating theinteraction determination oligonucleotides hybridized to the bridgeoligonucleotide to generate a ligated interaction determinationoligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, the cellular component binding reagent comprises anantibody, a tetramer, an aptamers, a protein scaffold, an integrin, or acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the interaction determination oligonucleotide isconjugated to the cellular component binding reagent through a linker.The oligonucleotide can comprise the linker. The linker can comprise achemical group. The chemical group can be reversibly or irreversiblyattached to the cellular component binding reagent. The chemical groupcan comprise a UV photocleavable group, a disulfide bond, astreptavidin, a biotin, an amine, a disulfide linkage or any combinationthereof. The at least one of the one or more cellular component targetscan be on a cell surface.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: fixating the cell prior tocontacting the cell with the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions. The method can comprise: removing unbound interactiondetermination compositions of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions. Removing the unbound interactiondetermination compositions can comprise washing the cell with a washingbuffer. Removing the unbound interaction determination compositions cancomprise selecting the cell using flow cytometry. The method cancomprise lysing the cell.

In some embodiments, the interaction determination oligonucleotide isconfigured to be detachable or non-detachable from the cellularcomponent binding reagent. The method can comprise detaching theinteraction determination oligonucleotide from the cellular componentbinding reagent. Detaching the interaction determination oligonucleotidecan comprise detaching the interaction determination oligonucleotidefrom the cellular component binding reagent by UV photocleaving,chemical treatment, heating, enzyme treatment, or any combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, the interaction determination oligonucleotide isnot homologous to genomic sequences of the cell. The interactiondetermination oligonucleotide can be homologous to genomic sequences ofa species. The species can be a non-mammalian species. The non-mammalianspecies can be a phage species. The phage species can T7 phage, a PhiXphage, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiment, the cell comprises a tumor cell or non-tumor cell.The cell can comprise a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, a viral cell,a yeast cell, a fungal cell, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises: contacting two or more cellswith the first pair of interaction determination compositions, andwherein each of the two or more cells comprises the first and the secondcellular component targets. At least one of the two or more cells cancomprise a single cell.

In some embodiments, the barcode comprises a cell label sequence, abinding site for a universal primer, or any combination thereof. Atleast two barcodes of the plurality of barcodes can comprise anidentical cell label sequence. The interaction determinationoligonucleotide of the one of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions can comprise a sequence complementary to thecapture sequence. The capture sequence can comprise a poly(dT) region.The sequence of the interaction determination oligonucleotidecomplementary to the capture sequence can comprise a poly(dA) region.The interaction determination oligonucleotide can comprise a secondbarcode sequence. The interaction determination oligonucleotide of theother of the first pair of interaction identification compositions cancomprise a binding site for a universal primer.

In some embodiments, the cellular component target comprises anextracellular protein, an intracellular protein, or any combinationthereof. The cellular component target can comprise a cell-surfaceprotein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cell receptor, a majorhistocompatibility complex, a tumor antigen, a receptor, an integrin, orany combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the cellular component target comprises a lipid, acarbohydrate, or any combination thereof. The cellular component targetcan be selected from a group comprising 10-100 different cellularcomponent targets.

In some embodiments, the cellular component binding reagent isassociated with two or more interaction determination oligonucleotideswith an identical sequence. The cellular component binding reagent canbe associated with two or more interaction determinationoligonucleotides with different interaction determination sequences.

In some embodiments, the one of the plurality of interactiondetermination compositions comprises a second cellular component bindingreagent not associated with the interaction determinationoligonucleotide. The cellular component binding reagent and the secondcellular component binding reagent can be identical. The cellularcomponent binding reagent can be associated with a detectable moiety.

In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes is associated with aparticle. At least one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can beimmobilized on the particle. At least one barcode of the plurality ofbarcodes can be partially immobilized on the particle. At least onebarcode of the plurality of barcodes can be enclosed in the particle. Atleast one barcode of the plurality of barcodes can be partially enclosedin the particle. The particle can be disruptable. The particle cancomprise a bead. The particle can comprise a Sepharose bead, astreptavidin bead, an agarose bead, a magnetic bead, a conjugated bead,a protein A conjugated bead, a protein G conjugated bead, a protein A/Gconjugated bead, a protein L conjugated bead, an oligo(dT) conjugatedbead, a silica bead, a silica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, ananti-fluorochrome microbead, or any combination thereof. The particlecan comprise a material selected from the group consisting ofpolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, glass, polypropylene, agarose,gelatin, hydrogel, paramagnetic, ceramic, plastic, glass, methylstyrene,acrylic polymer, titanium, latex, Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, silicone,and any combination thereof. The particle can comprise a disruptablehydrogel particle. The particle can be associated with a detectablemoiety. The interaction determination oligonucleotide can be associatedwith a detectable moiety. The barcodes of the particle comprise barcodesequences can be selected from, about, at least, at most, 1000, 10000,or more, or less, or any combination thereof different barcodesequences. The barcodes sequences of the barcodes can comprise randomsequences. The particle can comprise at least 10000 barcodes.

In some embodiments barcoding the interaction determinationoligonucleotides using the plurality of barcodes comprises: contactingthe plurality of barcodes with the interaction determinationoligonucleotides to generate barcodes hybridized to the interactiondetermination oligonucleotides; and extending the barcodes hybridized tothe interaction determination oligonucleotides to generate the pluralityof barcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides. Extending thebarcodes can comprise extending the barcodes using a DNA polymerase togenerate the plurality of barcoded interaction determinationoligonucleotides. Extending the barcodes can comprise extending thebarcodes using a reverse transcriptase to generate the plurality ofbarcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides. Extending thebarcodes can comprise extending the barcodes using a Moloney MurineLeukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase or a Taq DNA polymerase togenerate the plurality of barcoded interaction determinationoligonucleotides. Extending the barcodes can comprise displacing thebridge oligonucleotide from the ligated interaction determinationoligonucleotide. The method can comprise: amplifying the plurality ofbarcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides to produce aplurality of amplicons. Amplifying the plurality of barcoded interactiondetermination oligonucleotides can comprise amplifying, using polymerasechain reaction (PCR), at least a portion of the barcode sequence and atleast a portion of the interaction determination oligonucleotide.

In some embodiments, obtaining the sequencing data of the plurality ofbarcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides can compriseobtaining sequencing data of the plurality of amplicons. Obtaining thesequencing data can comprise sequencing at least a portion of thebarcode sequence and at least a portion of the interaction determinationoligonucleotide. Obtaining sequencing data of the plurality of barcodedinteraction determination oligonucleotides can comprise obtainingpartial and/or complete sequences of the plurality of barcodedinteraction determination oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes comprises a plurality ofstochastic barcodes, the barcode sequence of each of the plurality ofstochastic barcodes comprises a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecularlabel sequence), the barcode sequences of at least two stochasticbarcodes of the plurality of stochastic barcodes comprise differentsequences, and barcoding the interaction determination oligonucleotidesusing the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality of barcodedinteraction determination oligonucleotides comprises stochasticallybarcoding the interaction determination oligonucleotides using theplurality of stochastic barcodes to create a plurality of stochasticallybarcoded interaction determination oligonucleotides.

In some embodiments, barcoding a plurality of targets of the cell usingthe plurality of barcodes to create a plurality of barcoded targets; andobtaining sequencing data of the barcoded targets. Barcoding theplurality of targets using the plurality of barcodes to create theplurality of barcoded targets can comprise: contacting copies of thetargets with target-binding regions of the barcodes; and reversetranscribing the plurality targets using the plurality of barcodes tocreate a plurality of reverse transcribed targets.

In some embodiments, the method can comprise: prior to obtaining thesequencing data of the plurality of barcoded targets, amplifying thebarcoded targets to create a plurality of amplified barcoded targets.Amplifying the barcoded targets to generate the plurality of amplifiedbarcoded targets can comprise: amplifying the barcoded targets bypolymerase chain reaction (PCR). Barcoding the plurality of targets ofthe cell using the plurality of barcodes to create the plurality ofbarcoded targets can comprise stochastically barcoding the plurality oftargets of the cell using the plurality of stochastic barcodes to createa plurality of stochastically barcoded targets.

Embodiments disclosed herein include kits for identifying cellularcomponent-cellular component interactions (e.g., protein-proteininteractions). In some embodiments, the kit comprises: a first pair ofinteraction determination compositions, wherein each of the first pairof interaction determination compositions comprises a cellular componentbinding reagent associated with an interaction determinationoligonucleotide, wherein the cellular component binding reagent of oneof the first pair of interaction determination compositions is capableof specifically binding to a first cellular component target and acellular component binding reagent of the other of the first pair ofinteraction determination compositions is capable of specificallybinding to the second cellular component target, wherein the interactiondetermination oligonucleotide comprises an interaction determinationsequence and a bridge oligonucleotide hybridization region, and whereinthe interaction determination sequences of the first pair of interactiondetermination compositions comprise different sequences; and a pluralityof bridge oligonucleotides each comprising two hybridization regionscapable of specifically binding to the bridge oligonucleotidehybridization regions of the first pair of interaction determinationcompositions.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises: a second pair of interactiondetermination compositions, wherein each of the second pair ofinteraction determination compositions comprises a cellular componentbinding reagent associated with an interaction determinationoligonucleotide, wherein the cellular component binding reagent of oneof the second pair of interaction determination compositions is capableof specifically binding to a third cellular component target and thecellular component binding reagent of the other of the second pair ofinteraction determination compositions is capable of specificallybinding to a fourth cellular component target. In some embodiments, thekit comprises: three or more pairs of interaction determinationcompositions.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises: a plurality of barcodes, whereineach of the plurality of barcodes comprises a barcode sequence and acapture sequence. The plurality of barcodes can comprise a plurality ofstochastic barcodes, wherein the barcode sequence of each of theplurality of stochastic barcodes comprises a barcode sequence (e.g., amolecular label sequence), wherein the barcode sequences of at least twostochastic barcodes of the plurality of stochastic barcodes comprisedifferent sequences. In some embodiments, the plurality of barcodes isassociated with a particle. At least one barcode of the plurality ofbarcodes can be immobilized on the particle, partially immobilized onthe particle, enclosed in the particle, partially enclosed in theparticle, or any combination thereof. The particle can be disruptable.The particle can comprise a bead.

In some embodiments, the kit comprises: a DNA polymerase. The kit cancomprise a reverse transcriptase. The kit can comprise: a Moloney MurineLeukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase or a Taq DNA polymerase. Insome embodiments, the method comprises a fixation agent (e.g., formalin,paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide, Alcoholic fixatives,Hepes-glutamic acid buffer-mediated organic solvent protection effect(HOPE), Bouin solution, or any combination thereof).

Systems for Use in Preparing a Labeled Biomolecule Reagent

Labeled biomolecule reagent compositions that are used in many analyteassays include a biomolecule that is conjugated to a detectable markercompound. The biomolecule is conjugated to the detectable marker by oneor more covalent bonds to the backbone or a side chain of thebiomolecule or may be coupled together by ionic or other non-covalentinteractions. Often, the biomolecule is a probe compound having aspecific binding region for an analyte of interest and the detectablemarker is a compound that can visualized, for example under amicroscope, with the unaided eye or by some form of optical spectroscopy(e.g., UV-vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, etc.),In some embodiment, thebiomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleic acid, a polysaccharide,or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid can be an oligonucleotide,DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, an enzyme or a proteinbinding reagent. The protein binding reagent can comprise an antibody,an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The protein binding reagentconjugated with the label can be capable of specifically binding to atleast one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide isconjugated to the biomolecule through a linker. The oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the biomolecule. Thechemical group can be selected from the group consisting of a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

Assays for determining the presence and concentration of analytes in abiological fluid often rely on the specific binding of a probe compound.Depending on the analyte of interest, the probe compound may be apolypeptide, such as an antibody or an oligonucleotide, each having aspecific binding region. To detect the binding of the target analyte, amarker that can be visualized (e.g., detectable by spectroscopy) isconjugated to the probe compound. Currently, to prepare labeledbiomolecule reagents, each biomolecule (e.g., CD4-RPA-T4) is separatelyconjugated to a detectable label (PE-Cy5) by individual syntheticprotocols, followed by purification (e.g., column chromatography). Sinceeach labeled biomolecule reagent is separately prepared and purified,the process of providing an assay-ready specific binding probecomposition is expensive and labor intensive, in particular for smallscale customer requests. In addition, on-demand preparation of aperformance specific and high quality probe composition is not possibledue to the amount of lead time necessary for synthesis of the labeledbiomolecule and subsequent purification. Commercially, commonly usedlabeled biomolecule reagents are prepared and stored in advance andcustomers can only select from a limited database of pre-synthesizedlabeled biomolecule reagent compositions.

FIG. 12 illustrates the steps for the preparation of labeled biomoleculereagents used to provide labeled biomolecule reagent compositions forlaboratory and clinical assays according to one embodiment. Abiomolecule (antibody probe) of interest is first purified (step 1201)and subjected to reaction conditions (step 1202) sufficient to conjugatethe biomolecule with five different detectable markers producing labeledbiomolecules 1200 a, 1200 b, 1200 c, 1200 d and 1200 e. Labeledbiomolecules 1200 a, 1200 b, 1200 c, 1200 d and 1200 e are then eachpurified (step 1203) and stored. Upon request from a customer, thelabeled biomolecules 1200 a, 1200 b, 1200 c, 1200 d and 1200 e areformulated into labeled biomolecule reagent compositions and packagedfor delivery to the customer.

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide isconjugated to the biomolecule through a linker. The oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the biomolecule. Thechemical group can be selected from the group consisting of a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for delivering high quality andperformance specific products across a wide range of biomolecule anddetectable label portfolios in a fast, efficient and highly scalablemanner. In embodiments of the invention, a request for a labeledbiomolecule is made and in response to the request the labeledbiomolecule is prepared from a pre-existing collection of activatedbiomolecules and activated labels. FIG. 13 provides an illustration of amethod according to an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 13, acollection of biomolecules (1301 a) and collection of detectable labelsor markers (1301 b) are first purified (Step 1301). Each biomolecule isthen conjugated to a reactive linker to functionalize the biomoleculeswith a reactive moiety (i.e., activate the biomolecules with reactivelinker L1, 1302 a). The collection of activated biomolecules is thenpurified and stored. Separately, a collection of detectable markers arealso conjugated to reactive linkers to functionalize the collection ofdetectable markers with a reactive moiety (i.e., activate the labelswith reactive linker L2, 1302 b). The collection of activated labels isalso purified and stored (Step 1302). Upon request of a labeledbiomolecule reagent from a customer, a biomolecule is conjugated to alabel by reacting an activated biomolecule (L1) with an activated label(L2) (Step 1303) to form labeled biomolecule (bonded through linkageL1-L2). In this way, any desired combination of biomolecule anddetectable marker can be prepared on-demand by simply mixing anactivated biomolecule with an activated label.

FIG. 14 illustrates this unique and new method of the present disclosurefor providing customizable labeled biomolecule reagents on-demand. Abiomolecule of interest can be purified (step 1401) and thenfunctionalized with a reactive linker (step 1402) to produce anactivated biomolecule 1400 a. Activated labels 1400 b, 1400 c, 1400 d,and 1400 e are separately prepared by functionalizing detectable markerswith reactive linkers. Upon receipt of a request from a customer, anycombination of activated biomolecule 1400 a and activated labels 1400 b,1400 c, 1400 d and 1400 e can be prepared on-demand by reaction of thereactive linker of activated biomolecule 500 a with the reactive linkersof activated labels 1400 b, 1400 c, 1400 d and 1400 e. Once conjugated,the labeled biomolecules 1400 a-1400 b, 1400 a-1400 c, 1400 a-1400 d and1400 a-1400 e are formulated into labeled biomolecule reagentcompositions and packaged for delivery to the customer. In someembodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleic acid, apolysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid can be anoligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, an enzymeor a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent can comprisean antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The protein bindingreagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specifically bindingto at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide isconjugated to the biomolecule through a linker. The oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the biomolecule. Thechemical group can be selected from the group consisting of a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides systems for use in preparing a labeledbiomolecule reagent. In further describing embodiments of thedisclosure, systems having an input manager for receiving a labeledbiomolecule reagent request and an output manager for providingbiomolecule and label storage identifiers are first described in greaterdetail. Next, a reagent preparatory apparatus for preparing the labeledbiomolecule reagent from an activated biomolecule and an activated labelare described. Methods for communicating and receiving a labeledbiomolecule reagent request and preparing the subject labeledbiomolecule reagents are also provided.

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide isconjugated to the biomolecule through a linker. The oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the biomolecule. Thechemical group can be selected from the group consisting of a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

Aspects of the present disclosure include systems for use in preparing alabeled biomolecule reagent. Systems according to some embodimentsinclude an input manager for receiving a request for a labeledbiomolecule reagent, a memory for storing a dataset having a pluralityof storage identifiers that correspond to the one or more components ofthe labeled biomolecule reagent request (e.g., biomolecule, label,etc.), a processing module communicatively coupled to the memory andconfigured to identify a storage identifier from the dataset thatcorresponds to the components of the labeled biomolecule reagent requestand an output manager for providing the identified storage identifiers.As described in greater detail below, the term “labeled biomolecule”reagent refers to a biological macromolecule coupled (e.g., through acovalent bond) to a detectable marker. The biological macromolecule maybe a biopolymer. A “biopolymer” is a polymer of one or more types ofrepeating units. Biopolymers are typically found in biological systemsand particularly include polysaccharides (such as carbohydrates), andpeptides (which term is used to include polypeptides, and proteinswhether or not attached to a polysaccharide) and polynucleotides as wellas their analogs such as those compounds composed of or containing aminoacid analogs or non-amino acid groups, or nucleotide analogs ornon-nucleotide groups. This includes polynucleotides in which theconventional backbone has been replaced with a non-naturally occurringor synthetic backbone, and nucleic acids (or synthetic or naturallyoccurring analogs) in which one or more of the conventional bases hasbeen replaced with a group (natural or synthetic) capable ofparticipating in Watson-Crick type hydrogen bonding interactions.Polynucleotides include single or multiple stranded configurations,where one or more of the strands may or may not be completely alignedwith another. Specifically, a “biopolymer” includes DNA (includingcDNA), RNA and oligonucleotides, regardless of the source. As such,biomolecules may include polysaccharides, nucleic acids andpolypeptides. For example, the nucleic acid may be an oligonucleotide,truncated or full-length DNA or RNA. In embodiments, oligonucleotides,truncated and full-length DNA or RNA are comprised of 10 nucleotidemonomers or more, such as 15 or more, such as 25 or more, such as 50 ormore, such as 100 or more, such as 250 or more and including 500nucleotide monomers or more. For example, oligonucleotides, truncatedand full-length DNA or RNA of interest may range in length from 10nucleotides to 10⁸ nucleotides, such as from 10² nucleotides to 10′nucleotides, including from 10′ nucleotides to 10⁶ nucleotides. Inembodiments, biopolymers are not single nucleotides or short chainoligonucleotides (e.g., less than 10 nucleotides). By “full length” ismeant that the DNA or RNA is a nucleic acid polymer having 70% or moreof its complete sequence (such as found in nature), such as 75% or more,such as 80% or more, such as 85% or more, such as 90% or more, such as95% or more, such as 97% or more, such as 99% or more and including 100%of the full length sequence of the DNA or RNA (such as found in nature).

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide isconjugated to the biomolecule through a linker. The oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the biomolecule. Thechemical group can be selected from the group consisting of a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

Polypeptides may be, in some embodiments, truncated or full lengthproteins, enzyme or antibodies. In embodiments, polypeptides, truncatedand full-length proteins, enzymes or antibodies are comprised of 10amino acid monomers or more, such as 15 or more, such as 25 or more,such as 50 or more, such as 100 or more, such as 250 or more andincluding 500 amino acid monomers or more. For example, polypeptides,truncated and full-length proteins, enzymes or antibodies of interestmay range in length from 10 amino acids to 10⁸ amino acids, such as from10² amino acids to 10′ amino acids, including from 10³ amino acids to10⁶ amino acids. In embodiments, biopolymers are not single amino acidsor short chain polypeptides (e.g., less than 10 amino acids). By “fulllength” is meant that the protein, enzyme or antibody is a polypeptidepolymer having 70% or more of its complete sequence (such as found innature), such as 75% or more, such as 80% or more, such as 85% or more,such as 90% or more, such as 95% or more, such as 97% or more, such as99% or more and including 100% of the full length sequence of theprotein, enzyme or antibody (such as found in nature) In embodiments ofthe present disclosure, labels are detectable moieties or markers thatare detectible based on, for example, fluorescence emission, absorbance,fluorescence polarization, fluorescence lifetime, fluorescencewavelength, absorbance maxima, absorbance wavelength, Stokes shift,light scatter, mass, molecular mass, redox, acoustic, Raman, magnetism,radio frequency, enzymatic reactions (including chemiluminescence andelectro-chemiluminescence) or combinations thereof. For example, thelabel may be a fluorophore, a chromophore, an enzyme, an enzymesubstrate, a catalyst, a redox label, a radiolabel, an acoustic label, aRaman (SERS) tag, a mass tag, an isotope tag (e.g., isotopically purerare earth element), a magnetic particle, a microparticle, ananoparticle, an oligonucleotide, or any combination thereof.

Systems described herein can include an input manager for receiving alabeled biomolecule reagent request. The labeled biomolecule reagentrequest may include one or more components. In some instances, thelabeled biomolecule reagent request includes a single component and is alabeled biomolecule request (i.e., a request for a biomoleculecovalently bonded to a label through a reactive linker). In someembodiments, the labeled biomolecule reagent request includes two ormore components. For example, the labeled biomolecule reagent requestincludes a biomolecule request and a label request. In some embodiments,the biomolecule request is an activated biomolecule request thatincludes a biomolecule and a reactive linker and the label request is anactivated label request that includes a label and a reactive linker. Insome embodiments, the label request comprises an enzyme request and asubstrate request.

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide isconjugated to the biomolecule through a linker. The oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the biomolecule. Thechemical group can be selected from the group consisting of a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

The phrases “labeled biomolecule request”, “biomolecule request” and“label request” are used herein to refer to information or dataassociated with a particular labeled biomolecule, biomolecule or label,respectively. The request may include a string of one or more characters(e.g., alphanumeric characters), symbols, images or other graphicalrepresentation(s) associated with a particular labeled biomolecule,biomolecule, label, activated biomolecule, activated label or reactivelinker. In some instances, the request is a “shorthand” designation ofthe labeled biomolecule, biomolecule, label, activated biomolecule,activated label or reactive linker. For example, the request may includean accession number or an abbreviated probe sequence. The request mayalso include descriptive information, such as chemical structure orreactivity. Information or data, in some embodiments, may be anysuitable identifier of the labeled biomolecule, biomolecule or label andmay include, but is not limited to, the name, monomer sequence, sequenceidentification number, ascension number or biological source of thebiomolecule as well as the name, chemical structure, Chemical AbstractsService (CAS) registry number or marker class (e.g., fluorescence,magnetic) of the label.

In some embodiments, the biomolecule is a biological probe for ananalyte of interest and the biomolecule request includes information ordata pertaining to a specific binding domain that binds to the analyteof interest. Specific binding domains of interest include, but are notlimited to, antibody binding agents, proteins, peptides, haptens,nucleic acids, etc. The term “antibody binding agent” as used hereinincludes polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies or fragments that aresufficient to bind to an analyte of interest. The antibody fragments canbe, for example, monomeric Fab fragments, monomeric Fab′ fragments, ordimeric F(ab)′2 fragments. Also within the scope of the term “antibodybinding agent” are molecules produced by antibody engineering, such assingle-chain antibody molecules (scFv) or humanized or chimericantibodies produced from monoclonal antibodies by replacement of theconstant regions of the heavy and light chains to produce chimericantibodies or replacement of both the constant regions and the frameworkportions of the variable regions to produce humanized antibodies.

In some instances, the biomolecule is a polypeptide and the biomoleculerequest may include information such as polypeptide name, protein name,enzyme name, antibody name or the name of protein, enzyme or antibodyfragments thereof, polypeptides derived from specific biological fluids(e.g., blood, mucus, lymphatic fluid, synovial fluid, cerebrospinalfluid, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage, amniotic fluid, amniotic cordblood, urine, vaginal fluid and semen), polypeptides derived fromspecific species (e.g., mouse monoclonal antibodies) as well as aminoacid sequence identification number.

In some embodiments, the biomolecule is a nucleic acid and thebiomolecule request may include information such as oligonucleotidename, oligonucleotides identified by gene name, oligonucleotidesidentified by accession number, oligonucleotides of genes from specificspecies (e.g., mouse, human), oligonucleotides of genes associated withspecific tissues (e.g., liver, brain, cardiac), oligonucleotides ofgenes associate with specific physiological functions (e.g., apoptosis,stress response), oligonucleotides of genes associated with specificdisease states (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disease) as well asnucleotide sequence.

In some embodiments, the label request comprises an enzyme request and asubstrate request. The enzyme request can include, but is not limitedto, an enzyme name, a polypeptide sequence, a class of enzymes, an ECnumber, a polypeptide consensus sequence, a conserved domain name and/orsequence or a plurality of related proteins (e.g., proteins belonging tothe same protein family), or any combination thereof. The substraterequest can include, but is not limited to, a substrate name, a functiongroup of a substrate, a class of substrates, one or more substrates forone or more enzymes with a particular EC number, or any combinationthereof.

As discussed above, labels may include detectable moieties or markersthat are detectible based on, for example, fluorescence emission,absorbance, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence lifetime,fluorescence wavelength, absorbance wavelength, Stokes shift, lightscatter, mass, molecular mass, redox, acoustic, Raman, magnetism, radiofrequency, enzymatic reactions (including chemiluminescence andelectro-chemiluminescence) or combinations thereof. For example, thelabel may be a fluorophore, a chromophore, an enzyme, an enzymesubstrate, a catalyst, a redox label, a radio label, an acoustic label,a Raman (SERS) tag, a mass tag, an isotope tag (e.g., isotopically purerare earth element), a magnetic particle, a microparticle, ananoparticle, an oligonucleotide, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the label is a fluorophore (i.e., a fluorescent label,fluorescent dye, etc.). Fluorophores of interest may include but are notlimited to dyes suitable for use in analytical applications (e.g., flowcytometry, imaging, etc.), such as an acridine dye, anthraquinone dyes,arylmethane dyes, diarylmethane dyes (e.g., diphenyl methane dyes),chlorophyll containing dyes, triarylmethane dyes (e.g., triphenylmethanedyes), azo dyes, diazonium dyes, nitro dyes, nitroso dyes,phthalocyanine dyes, cyanine dyes, asymmetric cyanine dyes, quinon-iminedyes, azine dyes, eurhodin dyes, safranin dyes, indamins, indophenoldyes, fluorine dyes, oxazine dye, oxazone dyes, thiazine dyes, thiazoledyes, xanthene dyes, fluorene dyes, pyronin dyes, fluorine dyes,rhodamine dyes, phenanthridine dyes, as well as dyes combining two ormore of the aforementioned dyes (e.g., in tandem), polymeric dyes havingone or more monomeric dye units and mixtures of two or more of theaforementioned dyes thereof. A large number of dyes are commerciallyavailable from a variety of sources, such as, for example, MolecularProbes (Eugene, Oreg.), Dyomics GmbH (Jena, Germany), Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, Mo.), Sirigen, Inc. (Santa Barbara, Calif.) and Exciton (Dayton,Ohio). For example, the fluorophore may include4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′disulfonic acid; acridine andderivatives such as acridine, acridine orange, acridine yellow, acridinered, and acridine isothiocyanate; allophycocyanin, phycoerythrin,peridinin-chlorophyll protein,5-(2′-aminoethyl)aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (EDANS);4-amino-N-[3-vinylsulfonyl)phenyl]naphthalimide-3,5 disulfonate (LuciferYellow VS); N-(4-anilino-1-naphthyl)maleimide; anthranilamide; BrilliantYellow; coumarin and derivatives such as coumarin,7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC, Coumarin 120),7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcouluarin (Coumaran 151); cyanine andderivatives such as cyanosine, Cy3, Cy3.5, Cy5, Cy5.5, and Cy7;4′,6-diaminidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI); 5′,5″-dibromopyrogallol-sulfonephthalein (Bromopyrogallol Red);7-diethylamino-3-(4′-isothiocyanatophenyl)-4-methylcoumarin;diethylaminocoumarin; diethylenetriamine pentaacetate;4,4′-diisothiocyanatodihydro-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid;4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-di sulfonic acid;5-[dimethylamino]naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (DNS, dansyl chloride);4-(4′-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid (DABCYL);4-dimethylaminophenylazophenyl-4′-isothiocyanate (DABITC); eosin andderivatives such as eosin and eosin isothiocyanate; erythrosin andderivatives such as erythrosin B and erythrosin isothiocyanate;ethidium; fluorescein and derivatives such as 5-carboxyfluorescein(FAM), 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl)aminofluorescein (DTAF),2′7′-dimethoxy-4′5′-dichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein (JOE), fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC), fluorescein chlorotriazinyl, naphthofluorescein,and QFITC (XRITC); fluorescamine; IR144; IR1446; Green FluorescentProtein (GFP); Reef Coral Fluorescent Protein (RCFP); Lissamine™;Lissamine rhodamine, Lucifer yellow; Malachite Green isothiocyanate;4-methylumbelliferone; ortho cresolphthalein; nitrotyrosine;pararosaniline; Nile Red; Oregon Green; Phenol Red; B-phycoerythrin;o-phthaldialdehyde; pyrene and derivatives such as pyrene, pyrenebutyrate and succinimidyl 1-pyrene butyrate; Reactive Red 4 (Cibacron™Brilliant Red 3B-A); rhodamine and derivatives such as6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX), 6-carboxyrhodamine (R6G),4,7-dichlororhodamine lissamine, rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride,rhodamine (Rhod), rhodamine B, rhodamine 123, rhodamine Xisothiocyanate, sulforhodamine B, sulforhodamine 101, sulfonyl chloridederivative of sulforhodamine 101 (Texas Red),N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine (TAMRA), tetramethyl rhodamine,and tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC); riboflavin; rosolicacid and terbium chelate derivatives; xanthene; dye-conjugated polymers(i.e., polymer-attached dyes) such as fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextranas well as dyes combining two or more dyes (e.g., in tandem), polymericdyes having one or more monomeric dye units and mixtures of two or moreof the aforementioned dyes or combinations thereof.

In some instances, the fluorophore (i.e., dye) is a fluorescentpolymeric dye. Fluorescent polymeric dyes that find use in the subjectmethods and systems can vary. In some instances of the method, thepolymeric dye includes a conjugated polymer.

Conjugated polymers (CPs) are characterized by a delocalized electronicstructure which includes a backbone of alternating unsaturated bonds(e.g., double and/or triple bonds) and saturated (e.g., single bonds)bonds, where π-electrons can move from one bond to the other. As such,the conjugated backbone may impart an extended linear structure on thepolymeric dye, with limited bond angles between repeat units of thepolymer. For example, proteins and nucleic acids, although alsopolymeric, in some cases do not form extended-rod structures but ratherfold into higher-order three-dimensional shapes. In addition, CPs mayform “rigid-rod” polymer backbones and experience a limited twist (e.g.,torsion) angle between monomer repeat units along the polymer backbonechain. In some instances, the polymeric dye includes a CP that has arigid rod structure. As summarized above, the structural characteristicsof the polymeric dyes can have an effect on the fluorescence propertiesof the molecules.

Any convenient polymeric dye may be utilized in the subject methods andsystems. In some instances, a polymeric dye is a multichromophore thathas a structure capable of harvesting light to amplify the fluorescentoutput of a fluorophore. In some instances, the polymeric dye is capableof harvesting light and efficiently converting it to emitted light at alonger wavelength. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has alight-harvesting multichromophore system that can efficiently transferenergy to nearby luminescent species (e.g., a “signaling chromophore”).Mechanisms for energy transfer include, for example, resonant energytransfer (e.g., Forster (or fluorescence) resonance energy transfer,FRET), quantum charge exchange (Dexter energy transfer) and the like. Insome instances, these energy transfer mechanisms are relatively shortrange; that is, close proximity of the light harvesting multichromophoresystem to the signaling chromophore provides for efficient energytransfer. Under conditions for efficient energy transfer, amplificationof the emission from the signaling chromophore occurs when the number ofindividual chromophores in the light harvesting multichromophore systemis large; that is, the emission from the signaling chromophore is moreintense when the incident light (the “excitation light”) is at awavelength which is absorbed by the light harvesting multichromophoresystem than when the signaling chromophore is directly excited by thepump light.

The multichromophore may be a conjugated polymer. Conjugated polymers(CPs) are characterized by a delocalized electronic structure and can beused as highly responsive optical reporters for chemical and biologicaltargets. Because the effective conjugation length is substantiallyshorter than the length of the polymer chain, the backbone contains alarge number of conjugated segments in close proximity. Thus, conjugatedpolymers are efficient for light harvesting and enable opticalamplification via energy transfer.

In some instances the polymer may be used as a direct fluorescentreporter, for example fluorescent polymers having high extinctioncoefficients, high brightness, etc. In some instances, the polymer maybe used as a strong chromophore where the color or optical density isused as an indicator.

Polymeric dyes of interest include, but are not limited to, those dyesdescribed by Gaylord et al. in US Publication Nos. 20040142344,20080293164, 20080064042, 20100136702, 20110256549, 20120028828,20120252986, 20130190193 and 20160025735 the disclosures of which areherein incorporated by reference in their entirety; and Gaylord et al.,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123 (26), pp 6417-6418; Feng et al., Chem. Soc.Rev., 2010,39, 2411-2419; and Traina et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011,133 (32), pp 12600-12607, the disclosures of which are hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye includes a conjugated polymerincluding a plurality of first optically active units forming aconjugated system, having a first absorption wavelength (e.g., asdescribed herein) at which the first optically active units absorbslight to form an excited state. The conjugated polymer (CP) may bepolycationic, polyanionic and/or a charge-neutral conjugated polymer.

The CPs may be water soluble for use in biological samples. Anyconvenient substituent groups may be included in the polymeric dyes toprovide for increased water-solubility, such as a hydrophilicsubstituent group, e.g., a hydrophilic polymer, or a charged substituentgroup, e.g., groups that are positively or negatively charged in anaqueous solution, e.g., under physiological conditions. Any convenientwater-soluble groups (WSGs) may be utilized in the subject lightharvesting multichromophores. The term “water-soluble group” refers to afunctional group that is well solvated in aqueous environments and thatimparts improved water solubility to the molecules to which it isattached. In some embodiments, a WSG increases the solubility of themultichromophore in a predominantly aqueous solution (e.g., as describedherein), as compared to a multichromophore which lacks the WSG. Thewater soluble groups may be any convenient hydrophilic group that iswell solvated in aqueous environments. In some embodiments, thehydrophilic water soluble group is charged, e.g., positively ornegatively charged or zwitterionic. In some embodiments, the hydrophilicwater soluble group is a neutral hydrophilic group. In some embodiments,the WSG is a hydrophilic polymer, e.g., a polyethylene glycol, acellulose, a chitosan, or a derivative thereof.

As used herein, the terms “polyethylene oxide”, “PEO”, “polyethyleneglycol” and “PEG” are used interchangeably and refer to a polymerincluding a chain described by the formula —(CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)— or aderivative thereof. In some embodiments, “n” is 5000 or less, such as1000 or less, 500 or less, 200 or less, 100 or less, 50 or less, 40 orless, 30 or less, 20 or less, 15 or less, such as 5 to 15, or 10 to 15.It is understood that the PEG polymer may be of any convenient lengthand may include a variety of terminal groups, including but not limitedto, alkyl, aryl, hydroxyl, amino, acyl, acyloxy, and amido terminalgroups. Functionalized PEGs that may be adapted for use in the subjectmultichromophores include those PEGs described by S. Zalipsky in“Functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) for preparation of biologicallyrelevant conjugates”, Bioconjugate Chemistry 1995, 6 (2), 150-165. Watersoluble groups of interest include, but are not limited to, carboxylate,phosphonate, phosphate, sulfonate, sulfate, sulfinate, ester,polyethylene glycols (PEG) and modified PEGs, hydroxyl, amine, ammonium,guanidinium, polyamine and sulfonium, polyalcohols, straight chain orcyclic saccharides, primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary aminesand polyamines, phosphonate groups, phosphinate groups, ascorbategroups, glycols, including, polyethers, —COOM′, —SO₃M′, —PO₃M′, —NR₃ ⁺,Y′, (CH₂CH₂O)_(p)R and mixtures thereof, where Y′ can be any halogen,sulfate, sulfonate, or oxygen containing anion, p can be 1 to 500, eachR can be independently H or an alkyl (such as methyl) and M′ can be acationic counterion or hydrogen, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(yy)CH₂CH₂XR^(yy),—(CH₂CH₂O)_(yy)CH₂CH₂X—, —X(CH₂CH₂O)_(yy)CH₂CH₂—, glycol, andpolyethylene glycol, wherein yy is selected from 1 to 1000, X isselected from O, S, and NR^(ZZ), and R^(ZZ) and R^(YY) are independentlyselected from H and C1-3 alkyl.

The polymeric dye may have any convenient length. In some embodiments,the particular number of monomeric repeat units or segments of thepolymeric dye may fall within the range of 2 to 500,000, such as 2 to100,000, 2 to 30,000, 2 to 10,000, 2 to 3,000 or 2 to 1,000 units orsegments, or such as 100 to 100,000, 200 to 100,000, or 500 to 50,000units or segments. In some embodiments, the number of monomeric repeatunits or segments of the polymeric dye is within the range of 2 to 1000units or segments, such as from 2 to 750 units or segments, such as from2 to 500 units or segments, such as from 2 to 250 units or segment, suchas from 2 to 150 units or segment, such as from 2 to 100 units orsegments, such as from 2 to 75 units or segments, such as from 2 to 50units or segments and including from 2 to 25 units or segments.

The polymeric dyes may be of any convenient molecular weight (MW). Insome embodiments, the MW of the polymeric dye may be expressed as anaverage molecular weight. In some instances, the polymeric dye has anaverage molecular weight of from 500 to 500,000, such as from 1,000 to100,000, from 2,000 to 100,000, from 10,000 to 100,000 or even anaverage molecular weight of from 50,000 to 100,000. In some embodiments,the polymeric dye has an average molecular weight of 70,000.

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye includes the following structure:

[CP₁]_(a)—[CP₂]_(b)

[CP₁]_(a)—[CP₃]_(c)

[CP₁]_(a)—[CP₄]_(d)

wherein CP₁, CP₂, CP₃ and CP₄ are independently a conjugated polymersegment or an oligomeric structure, wherein one or more of CP₁, CP₂, CP₃and CP₄ are bandgap-modifying n-conjugated repeat units.

In some embodiments, the conjugated polymer is a polyfluorene conjugatedpolymer, a polyphenylene vinylene conjugated polymer, a polyphenyleneether conjugated polymer, a polyphenylene polymer, among other types ofconjugated polymers.

In some instances, the polymeric dye includes the following structure:

wherein each R¹ is independently a solubilizing group or a linker-dye;L¹ and L² are optional linkers; each R² is independently H or an arylsubstituent; each A¹ and A² is independently H, an aryl substituent or afluorophore; G¹ and G² are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of a terminal group, a πconjugated segment, a linker and alinked specific binding member; each n and each m are independently 0 oran integer from 1 to 10,000; and p is an integer from 1 to 100,000.Solubilizing groups of interest include, but is not limited to awater-soluble functional group such as a hydrophilic polymer (e.g.,polyalkylene oxide, cellulose, chitosan, etc.), as well as alkyl, aryland heterocycle groups further substituted with a hydrophilic group suchas a polyalkylene oxide (e.g., polyethylglycol including a PEG of 2-20units), an ammonium, a sulphonium, a phosphonium, as well has a charged(positively, negatively or zwitterionic) hydrophilic water soluble groupand the like.

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye includes, as part of thepolymeric backbone, a conjugated segment having one of the followingstructures:

where each R³ is independently an optionally substituted wat-solublefunctional group such as a hydrophilic polymer (e.g., polyalkyleneoxide, cellulose, chitosan, etc.) or an alkyl or aryl group furthersubstituted with a hydrophilic group such as a polyalkylene oxide (e.g.,polyethylglycol including a PEG of 2-20 units), an ammonium, asulphonium, a phosphonium, as well has a charged (positively, negativelyor zwitterionic) hydrophilic water soluble group; Ar is an optionallysubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group; and n is 1 to 10000. In someembodiments, R3 is an optionally substituted alkyl group. In someembodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted aryl group. In someembodiments, R³ is substituted with a polyethyleneglycol, a dye, achemoselective functional group or a specific binding moiety. In someembodiments, Ar is substituted with a polyethyleneglycol, a dye, achemoselective functional group or a specific binding moiety.

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye includes the following structure:

wherein each R¹ is a solubilizing group or a linker dye group; each R²is independently H or an aryl substituent; L₁ and L₂ are optionallinkers; each A1 and A3 are independently H, a fluorophore, a functionalgroup or a specific binding moiety (e.g., an antibody); and n and m areeach independently 0 to 10000, wherein n+m>1.

The polymeric dye may have one or more desirable spectroscopicproperties, such as a particular absorption maximum wavelength, aparticular emission maximum wavelength, extinction coefficient, quantumyield, and the like (see e.g., Chattopadhyay et al., “Brilliant violetfluorophores: A new class of ultrabright fluorescent compounds forimmunofluorescence experiments.” Cytometry Part A, 81A(6), 456-466,2012).

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorption curve between280 and 850 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorptionmaximum in the range 280 and 850 nm. In some embodiments, the polymericdye absorbs incident light having a wavelength in the range between 280and 850 nm, where specific examples of absorption maxima of interestinclude, but are not limited to: 348 nm, 355 nm, 405 nm, 407 nm, 445 nm,488 nm, 640 nm and 652 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anabsorption maximum wavelength in a range selected from the groupconsisting of 280-310 nm, 305-325 nm, 320-350 nm, 340-375 nm, 370-425nm, 400-450 nm, 440-500 nm, 475-550 nm, 525-625 nm, 625-675 nm and650-750 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorptionmaximum wavelength of 348 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye hasan absorption maximum wavelength of 355 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an absorption maximum wavelength of 405 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorption maximum wavelength of407 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorption maximumwavelength of 445 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anabsorption maximum wavelength of 488 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an absorption maximum wavelength of 640 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorption maximum wavelength of652 nm.

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength ranging from 400 to 850 nm, such as 415 to 800 nm, wherespecific examples of emission maxima of interest include, but are notlimited to: 395 nm, 421 nm, 445 nm, 448 nm, 452 nm, 478 nm, 480 nm, 485nm, 491 nm, 496 nm, 500 nm, 510 nm, 515 nm, 519 nm, 520 nm, 563 nm, 570nm, 578 nm, 602 nm, 612 nm, 650 nm, 661 nm, 667 nm, 668 nm, 678 nm, 695nm, 702 nm, 711 nm, 719 nm, 737 nm, 785 nm, 786 nm, 805 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength in arange selected from the group consisting of 380-400 nm, 410-430 nm,470-490 nm, 490-510 nm, 500-520 nm, 560-580 nm, 570-595 nm, 590-610 nm,610-650 nm, 640-660 nm, 650-700 nm, 700-720 nm, 710-750 nm, 740-780 nmand 775-795 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emissionmaximum of 395 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum wavelength of 421 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 478 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 480nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength of 485 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum wavelength of 496 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 510 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 570nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength of 602 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum wavelength of 650 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 711 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 737nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength of 750 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum wavelength of 786 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 421 nm±5 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 510nm±5 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength of 570 nm±5 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum wavelength of 602 nm±5 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 650 nm±5 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 711nm±5 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength of 786 nm±5 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum selected from the group consisting of 421 nm, 510 nm,570 nm, 602 nm, 650 nm, 711 nm and 786 nm.

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an extinction coefficient of1×10⁶ cm-1M-1 or more, such as 2×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, 2.5×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ ormore, 3×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, 4×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, 5×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ ormore, 6×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, 7×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, or 8×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ ormore. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has a quantum yield of 0.05or more, such as 0.1 or more, 0.15 or more, 0.2 or more, 0.25 or more,0.3 or more, 0.35 or more, 0.4 or more, 0.45 or more, 0.5 or more, 0.6or more, 0.7 or more, 0.8 or more, 0.9 or more, 0.95 or more, 0.99 ormore and including 0.999 or more. For example, the quantum yield ofpolymeric dyes of interest may range from 0.05 to 1, such as from 0.1 to0.95, such as from 0.15 to 0.9, such as from 0.2 to 0.85, such as from0.25 to 0.75, such as from 0.3 to 0.7 and including a quantum yield offrom 0.4 to 0.6. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has a quantumyield of 0.1 or more. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has aquantum yield of 0.3 or more. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye hasa quantum yield of 0.5 or more. In some embodiments, the polymeric dyehas a quantum yield of 0.6 or more. In some embodiments, the polymericdye has a quantum yield of 0.7 or more. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has a quantum yield of 0.8 or more. In some embodiments,the polymeric dye has a quantum yield of 0.9 or more. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has a quantum yield of 0.95 or more. Insome embodiments, the polymeric dye has an extinction coefficient of1×10⁶ or more and a quantum yield of 0.3 or more. In some embodiments,the polymeric dye has an extinction coefficient of 2×106 or more and aquantum yield of 0.5 or more.

In some embodiments, the label comprises an enzyme, an enzyme substrate,or a combination thereof. The enzyme can be capable of modifying theenzyme substrate into a corresponding modified enzyme substrate. In someembodiments, the enzymes can be, or can include, Enzyme Commission (EC)1 oxidoreductases (e.g., a dehydrogenase or an oxidase); EC 2transferases (e.g., a transaminase or a kinase); EC 3 Hydrolases (e.g.,a lipase, an amylase, or a peptidase); EC 4 Lyases (e.g., adecarboxylase); EC 5 Isomerases (e.g., an isomerase or a mutase); or EC6 Ligases (e.g., a synthetase).

In some embodiments, the enzymes can be, or can include, EC 1.1oxidoreductases acting on the CH—OH group of donors; EC 1.2oxidoreductases acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors; EC 1.3oxidoreductases acting on the CH—CH group of donors; EC 1.4oxidoreductases acting on the CH—NH(2) group of donors; EC 1.5oxidoreductases acting on the CH—NH group of donors; EC 1.6oxidoreductases acting on NADH or NADPH; EC 1.7 oxidoreductases actingon other nitrogenous compounds as donors; EC 1.8 oxidoreductases actingon a sulfur group of donors; EC 1.9 oxidoreductases acting on a hemegroup of donors; EC 1.10 oxidoreductases acting on diphenols and relatedsubstances as donors; EC 1.16 oxidoreductases oxidizing metal ions; EC1.17 oxidoreductases acting on CH or CH(2) groups; EC 1.18oxidoreductases acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors; EC 1.19oxidoreductases acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor; EC 1.20oxidoreductases acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors; EC 1.21oxidoreductases catalyzing the reaction X—H+Y—H=‘X—Y’; EC 1.22oxidoreductases acting on halogen in donors; EC 1.23 oxidoreductasesreducing C—O—C group as acceptor; or EC 1.97 other oxidoreductases.

In some embodiments, the enzymes can be, or can include, EC 2.1transferases transferring one-carbon groups with substrates: DNA, RNA,catechol; EC 2.2 transferases transferring aldehyde or ketonic groups;EC 2.3 acyltransferases; EC 2.4 glycosyltransferases; EC 2.5transferases transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methylgroups; EC 2.6 transferases transferring nitrogenous groups; EC 2.7transferases transferring phosphorus-containing groups; EC 2.8transferases transferring sulfur-containing groups; EC 2.9 transferasestransferring selenium-containing groups; or EC 2.10 transferasestransferring molybdenum- or tungsten-containing groups.

In some embodiments, the enzymes can be, or can include, EC 3.1hydrolases acting on ester bonds; EC 3.2 glycosylases; EC 3.3 hydrolasesacting on ether bonds; EC 3.4 hydrolases acting on peptide bonds(peptidases); EC 3.5 hydrolases acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds, otherthan peptide bonds; EC 3.6 hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides; EC 3.7hydrolases acting on carbon-carbon bonds; EC 3.8 hydrolases acting onhalide bonds; EC 3.9 hydrolases acting on phosphorus-nitrogen bonds; EC3.10 hydrolases acting on sulfur-nitrogen bonds; EC 3.11 hydrolasesacting on carbon-phosphorus bonds; EC 3.12 hydrolases acting onsulfur-sulfur bonds; or EC 3.13 hydrolases acting on carbon-sulfurbonds.

In some embodiments, the enzymes can be, or can include, glycosylhydrolases (enzymes that are useful for breaking down plant biomass forthe production of biofuels), aminotransferases (proteins that areinvolved in binding and transport of small organic molecules or proteinsthat are important for biomanufacturing), solute binding proteins ofATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins (proteins involved inthe metabolism of soil microbes with a potential impact inbioremediation), or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the enzymes can be, or can include, EC 4.1carbon-carbon lyases; EC 4.2 carbon-oxygen lyases; EC 4.3carbon-nitrogen lyases; EC 4.4 carbon-sulfur lyases; EC 4.5carbon-halide lyases; EC 4.6 phosphorus-oxygen lyases; EC 4.7carbon-phosphorus lyases; or EC 4.99 other lyases.

In some embodiments, the enzymes can be, or can include, EC 6.1 ligasesforming carbon-oxygen bonds; EC 6.2 ligases forming carbon-sulfur bonds;EC 6.3 ligases forming carbon-nitrogen bonds; EC 6.4 ligases formingcarbon-carbon bonds; EC 6.5 ligases forming phosphoric ester bonds; orEC 6.6 ligases forming nitrogen-metal bonds.

In some embodiments, the enzyme substrate can differ from thecorresponding modified enzyme substrate by at least one functionalgroup. The at least one functional group can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,phenyl, benzyl, halo, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, carbonyl,aldehyde, haloformyl, carbonate ester, carboxylate, carboxyl, ester,methoxy, hydroperoxy, peroxy, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal,ketal, acetal, orthoester, methylenedioxy, orthocarbonate ester,carboxamide, primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, 4°ammonium, primary ketamine, secondary ketamine, primary aldimine,secondary aldimine, imide, azide, azo, diimide, cyanate, isocyanate,nitrate, nitrile, isonitrile, nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, pyridyl,sulfhydryl, sulfide, disulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfino, sulfo,thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, carbonothione, carbonothial, phosphino,phosphono, phosphate, phosphodiester, borono, boronate, borino,borinate, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the enzyme can comprise a methyltransferase, aglycoside hydrolase, a agarase, a aminidase, a amylase, a biosidase, acarrageenase, a cellulase, a ceramidase, a chitinase, a chitosanase, acitrinase, a dextranase, a dextrinase, a fructosidase, a fucoidanase, afucosidase, a furanosidase, a galactosidase, a galacturonase, aglucanase, a glucosidase, a glucuronidase, a glucuronosidase, aglycohydrolase, a glycosidase, a hexaosidase, a hydrolase, aniduronidase, a inosidase, an inulinase, a lactase, a levanase, alicheninase, a ligase, a lyase, a lysozyme, a maltosidase, amaltotriosidase, a mannobiosidase, a mannosidase, a muramidase, anoctulosonase, an octulosonidase, a primeverosidase, a protease, apullulanase, a rhamnosidase, a saminidase, a sialidase, a synthase, atransferase, a trehalase, a turonidase, a turonosidase, a xylanase, axylosidase, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiment, the enzyme substrate can comprise 6-mercaptopurine,cellobiose, cellotetraose, xylotetraose, isoprimeverose,β-D-gentiobiose, xyloglucan and mannotriose, agarose, aminic acid,starch, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, cellulose, ceramide, chitine,chitosan, dextrose, dextrins, fructose, fucoidan, fucose, furanoside,galactoside, glucan, glucopyranoside, glucoside, glucuronic acid,glucuronoside, glycose, glycoside, glycosaminoglycan, hexaoside, inulin,lactose, levanose, lipopolysaccharide, mannose, maltoside,maltotrioside, mannose, octulosonate, oligosaccharide, pectate, pectin,peptide, polygalacturonide, polynucleotides, pullulan, rhamnoside,xylan, or any combination thereof. The label request can comprise anenzyme request and a substrate request.

The labeled biomolecule reagent is prepared by coupling an activatedbiomolecule to an activated label. The term “activated” is used hereinto refer to a biomolecule or label having a reactive linker or areactive moiety that, when carried out under appropriate conditions,reacts with a second reactive linker or second reactive moiety to form achemical linkage, such as for example, an ionic bond (charge-chargeinteraction), a non-covalent bond (e.g., dipole-dipole or charge-dipole)or a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the reactive linker or moietyof the activated biomolecule reacts with the reactive linker or moietyof the activated label to produce an ionic bond. In other embodiments,the reactive linker or moiety of the activated biomolecule reacts withthe reactive linker or moiety of the activated label to produce anon-covalent bond. In yet other embodiments, the reactive linker ormoiety of the activated biomolecule reacts with the reactive linker ormoiety of the activated label to produce a covalent bond.

In some embodiments, the reactive linker or moiety of the activatedbiomolecule reacts with the reactive linker or moiety of the activatedlabel to produce a covalent bond. Any convenient protocol for forming acovalent bond between the reactive linker of the activated biomoleculeand the reactive linker of the activated label may be employed,including but not limited to addition reactions, elimination reactions,substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, photochemical reactions,redox reactions, radical reactions, reactions through a carbeneintermediate, metathesis reaction, among other types of bond-formingreactions. In some embodiments, the activated biomolecule may beconjugated to the activated label through reactive linking chemistrysuch as where reactive linker pairs include, but is not limited to:maleimide/thiol; thiol/thiol; pyridyldithiol/thiol; succinimidyliodoacetate/thiol; N-succinimidylester (NHS ester), sulfodicholorphenolester (SDP ester), or pentafluorophenyl-ester (PFP ester)/amine;bissuccinimidylester/amine; imidoesters/amines; hydrazine oramine/aldehyde, dialdehyde or benzaldehyde; isocyanate/hydroxyl oramine; carbohydrate-periodate/hydrazine or amine; diazirine/aryl azidechemistry; pyridyldithiol/aryl azide chemistry; alkyne/azide;carboxy-carbodiimide/amine; amine/Sulfo-SMCC (Sulfosuccinimidyl4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate)/thiol and amine/BMPH(N-[β-Maleimidopropionic acid]hydrazide.TFA)/thiol;azide/triarylphosphine; nitrone/cyclooctyne; azide/tetrazine andformylbenzamide/hydrazino-nicotinamide. In some embodiments, thereactive linker of the activated biomolecule and the reactive linker ofthe activated label undergo a cycloaddition reaction, such as a[1+2]-cycloaddition, a [2+2]-cycloaddition, a [3+2]-cycloaddition, a[2+4]-cycloaddition, a [4+6]-cycloaddition, or cheleotropic reactions,including linkers that undergo a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (e.g.,azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition), a Diels-Alder reaction, an inverseelectron demand Diels Alder cycloaddition, an ene reaction or a [2+2]photochemical cycloaddition reaction.

In some embodiments, the biomolecule request and the label requestinclude information or data pertaining to the reactive linker of theactivated biomolecule and the activated label. For example, thebiomolecule request and the label request may include information ordata pertaining to the name of the reactive linker, a chemicalstructure, a structural description of the reactive linker or thereactive linker CAS number. In some embodiments, the biomolecule requestand the label request includes the name of reactive linker pairs, suchas where the reactive linker pairs is may be selected frommaleimide/thiol; thiol/thiol; pyridyldithiol/thiol; succinimidyliodoacetate/thiol; N-succinimidylester (NHS ester), sulfodicholorphenolester (SDP ester), or pentafluorophenyl-ester (PFP ester)/amine;bissuccinimidylester/amine; imidoesters/amines; hydrazine oramine/aldehyde, dialdehyde or benzaldehyde; isocyanate/hydroxyl oramine; carbohydrate-periodate/hydrazine or amine; diazirine/aryl azidechemistry; pyridyldithiol/aryl azide chemistry; alkyne/azide;carboxy-carbodiimide/amine; amine/Sulfo-SMCC (Sulfosuccinimidyl4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate)/thiol and amine/BMPH(N-[β-Maleimidopropionic acid]hydrazide.TFA)/thiol;azide/triarylphosphine; nitrone/cyclooctyne; azide/tetrazine andformylbenzamide/hydrazino-nicotinamide; a diene/a dienophile; and a1,3-dipole/a dipolarophile.

In some embodiments, the label request comprises an enzyme request and asubstrate request. The enzyme request can include, but is not limitedto, an enzyme name, a polypeptide sequence, a class of enzymes, an ECnumber, a polypeptide consensus sequence, a conserved domain name and/orsequence or a plurality of related proteins (e.g., proteins belonging tothe same protein family), or any combination thereof. The substraterequest can include, but is not limited to, a substrate name, a functiongroup of a substrate, a class of substrates, one or more substrates forone or more enzymes with a particular EC number, or any combinationthereof.

The input manager is configured to receive the request for the labeledbiomolecule. To receive the labeled biomolecule reagent request, theinput manager is operatively coupled to a graphical user interface whereone or more labeled biomolecule reagents requests are entered. In someembodiments, the labeled biomolecule reagent request is entered on aninternet website menu interface (e.g., at a remote location) andcommunicated to the input manager, over the internet or a local areanetwork. In some embodiments, the input manager is configured receive aplurality of labeled biomolecule reagent requests. For example, theinput manager may be configured to receive 2 or more labeled biomoleculereagent requests, such as 5 or more, such as 10 or more and including 25or more labeled biomolecule reagent requests.

Where the request for a labeled biomolecule reagent includes only asingle component and is a labeled biomolecule request, the input managermay be configured to receive 2 or more labeled biomolecule requests,such as 5 or more, such as 10 or more and including 25 or more labeledbiomolecule requests. Where the labeled biomolecule reagent requestincludes two components, such as a biomolecule request and a labelrequest, the input manager may be configured to receive 2 or morebiomolecule requests, such as 5 or more, such as 10 or more andincluding 25 or more biomolecule requests and configured to receive 2 ormore label requests, such as 5 or more, such as 10 or more and including25 or more label requests. In some embodiments, the input manager isconfigured to receive a labeled biomolecule reagent request thatincludes a single biomolecule request and single label request. In someembodiments, the input manager is configured to receive a labeledbiomolecule reagent request that includes a single biomolecule requestand a plurality of different label requests. In yet some embodiments,the input manager is configured to receive a labeled biomolecule reagentrequest that includes a plurality of different biomolecule requests anda single label request. In still some embodiments, the input manager isconfigured to receive a labeled biomolecule reagent request thatincludes a plurality of different biomolecule requests and a pluralityof different label requests. The input manager is configured to receivelabeled biomolecule requests from a single user or a plurality ofdifferent users, such as 2 or more different users, such as 5 or moredifferent users, such as 10 or more different users, such as 25 or moredifferent users and including 100 or more different users. In someembodiments, the label request comprises an enzyme request and asubstrate request.

In embodiments, the input manager is also configured to receive aquantity request corresponding to the desired amount of requestedlabeled biomolecule reagent. The quantity request may be entered bytyping a numerical and a unit (e.g., μh, μmoles, μM, etc.) value into atext box, selecting a check box corresponding to the appropriatenumerical and unit values or selecting a numerical value from a firstdrop-down menu and a unit value from a second drop-down menu.

In some embodiments, the input manager is operatively coupled to one ormore searchable databases (e.g., catalog) of labeled biomolecules,activated biomolecules, biomolecules, activated labels, labels andreactive linkers. In some embodiments, the input manager includes adatabase of labeled biomolecules. In some embodiments, the input managerincludes a database of activated biomolecules and activated labels. Inyet some embodiments, the input manager includes a database ofbiomolecules, labels and reactive linkers.

All or part of each database of labeled biomolecules, activatedbiomolecules, biomolecules, activated labels, labels and reactivelinkers may be displayed on the graphical user interface, such as in alist, drop-down menu or other configuration (e.g., tiles). For example,the graphical user interface may display a list of each labeledbiomolecule, activated biomolecule, biomolecule, activated label, labeland reactive linkers simultaneously (i.e., on a single screen) or maycontain drop-down menus for each component of the labeled biomoleculereagent request. In other embodiments, the labeled biomolecule reagentrequest is provided by inputting information into appropriate textfields, selecting check boxes, selecting one or more items from adrop-down menu, or by using a combination thereof.

In one example, the graphical user interface includes a drop-down menuto input a labeled biomolecule reagent request by selecting one or morelabeled biomolecules from the drop-down menu. In another example, thegraphical user interface includes a first drop-down menu to input abiomolecule request and a second drop-down menu to input a label requestby selecting one or more biomolecules and one or more labels from thefirst and second drop-down menus. In yet another example, the graphicaluser interface includes a first drop-down menu to input a biomoleculerequest, a second drop-down menu to input a label request and a thirddrop-down menu to input a reactive linker request by selecting one ormore biomolecules, one or more labels and one or more reactive linkersfrom the drop-down menus.

In still another example, the graphical user interface includes a firstdrop down menu to input an activated biomolecule request and a seconddrop-down menu to input an activated label request by selecting one ormore activated biomolecules and one or more activated linkers from thefirst and second drop-down menus. In some embodiments, the label requestcomprises an enzyme request and a substrate request. The graphical userinterface can include a first drop down menu to input an activatedbiomolecule request, a second drop-down menu to input an activatedenzyme request, and a third drop-down menu to input an enzyme substrate.The graphical user interface can include a first drop down menu to inputan activated biomolecule request, a second drop-down menu to input anactivated substrate, and a third drop-down menu to input an enzyme.

In another example, the graphical user interface includes a list oflabeled biomolecules, activated biomolecules, biomolecules, activatedlabels, labels and reactive linkers that are available in the database.For example, the graphical user interface may display a list of eachlabeled biomolecule, activated biomolecule, biomolecule, activatedlabel, label and reactive linkers simultaneously on one or more screensor may contain drop-down menus for each component of the labeledbiomolecule reagent request. In some embodiments, a list of allavailable labeled biomolecules, activated biomolecules, biomolecules,activated labels, labels and reactive linkers displayed on a singlepage. In some embodiments, the list of all available labeledbiomolecules, activated biomolecules, biomolecules, activated labels,labels and reactive linkers displayed on a plurality of pages, such as 2or more pages, such as 3 or more pages, such as 5 or more pages, such as10 or more pages and including 25 or more pages. In yet someembodiments, the list of all available labeled biomolecules, activatedbiomolecules, biomolecules, activated labels, labels and reactivelinkers are each displayed in separate drop-down menus on a single page.

FIG. 15 depicts a graphical user interface for communicating a requestfor a labeled biomolecule reagent according to some embodiments. Tocommunicate the labeled biomolecule reagent request, a user inputs abiomolecule request and a label request onto Request form 1500. Thelabel request is inputted by selecting a detectable marker (e.g., afluorophore) from drop down menu 1501 a and the biomolecule request isinputted by selecting a biomolecule (e.g., an antibody probe) fromdrop-down menu 1501 b. Request form 1500 also includes a text box forentering the quantity request 1502 corresponding to the desired amountof labeled biomolecule reagent in micrograms. In some embodiments, thelabel request comprises an enzyme request and a substrate request.

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide isconjugated to the biomolecule through a linker. The oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the biomolecule. Thechemical group can be selected from the group consisting of a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the input manager includes a search engine forsearching for, adding or modifying labeled biomolecule reagent requestsand for responding to user queries (e.g., inputted into the graphicaluser interface locally or from a remote location over the internet orlocal area network). In some embodiments, each persistent object in thesystem memory has an associated table in a system database and objectattributes are mapped to table columns. In a further aspect, each objecthas an object relational mapping file which binds that object to thetable in the database.

Objects are also associated with each other and this association ismapped as the relation between the tables. Objects are also associatedwith each other by many different relationships, such as one-to-one,one-to-many, many-to-one and many-to-many. Search criteria provided inuser queries may include descriptions of attributes or propertiesassociated with an object or by values corresponding to thoseattributes.

Relationships may also be used as search criteria. Basic search criteriacan depend upon an object's attributes and advanced search criteria candepend upon association of the object with other objects, e.g., bysearching properties of related objects. In some embodiments, searchengines of interest include a finder framework, which will construct aplurality of searchable conditions (e.g., all possible queryableconditions). When a user specifies an entity or object to search for,the framework generates all possible search conditions for that objectand then gives the result as per the conditions selected by the user.

Using the search engine, a user of the system can search for availablelabeled biomolecules, biomolecules, activated biomolecules, labels,activated labels and reactive linkers. The search engine is alsoconfigured for searching for pending or completed labeled biomoleculereagent requests. In addition, a user can use the search engine toinquire and find labeled biomolecules, biomolecules, activatedbiomolecules, labels, activated labels and reactive linkers that may beof interest. For example, a user can search for a particular biomoleculethat functions as a specific antigen probe or a label that is detectableby fluorescence of a predetermined wavelength of light. Searchconditions may be different for different objects and in one instance, ageneric finder framework gives a generic solution for such searching.

In some embodiments, the search engine can build queries, save queries,modify queries, and/or update queries used to identify labeledbiomolecules, biomolecules, activated biomolecules, labels, activatedlabels or reactive linkers. In some embodiments, the search results canbe shared, compared or modified. In some embodiments, systems areconfigured to set a maximum of search results that fit a search criteriato be displayed on the graphical user interface. In some embodiments,search results are displayed on a Webpage which includes capabilitiesfor allowing possible actions. Such capabilities can include, but arenot limited to, links, buttons, drop down menus, fields for receivinginformation from a user, and the like. In certain aspects, the systemfurther includes a result formatter for formatting search results (e.g.,to build appropriate user interfaces such as Web pages, to specifylinks, provide a way to associate actions (e.g., “delete,” “edit,” etc.)with images, text, hyperlinks and/or other displays.

The system may also display the search criteria for an object undersearch on the web page. In one aspect, the system takes input data fromthe finder framework and creates a web page dynamically showing thesearch criteria for that object. In another aspect, the finder frameworkcreates all possible queryable conditions for the object under search.These conditions are displayed on search web page as different fields. Auser can select or specify value(s) for these field(s) and execute asearch. The fields that are to be displayed have their labels inlocalized form. Fields may be in the form of a “select” box, or a textbox or other area for inputting text. For example, a user may desire tosearch for a biomolecule. Biomolecules in the searchable databaseinclude queryable conditions such as compound name or sequence number(e.g., accession number).

In one embodiment, the search engine supports searching for each of thelabeled biomolecules, biomolecules, activated biomolecules, labels,activated labels and reactive linkers in the database. In someembodiments, the system provides a generic finder framework to createall queryable conditions for an object under search. Such conditionswill generally depend upon the properties of the object and itsrelationship(s) with other objects. In other embodiments, the finderframework retrieves localized field names for these conditions and theirorder and stores these in the system memory (e.g., in anobjectdefinition.xml file). In one example, fields are displayed on asearch page in the order in which they are stored in a file as a set ofsearch parameters for which a user can select or enter values. Thesearch parameters may be in the form of a list of objects and theparameters may relate to attribute categories. For example, in responseto a user searching for a labeled biomolecule, the system may displaythe queryable conditions: “name of labeled biomolecule,” “keywords usedfor search,” “created by,” “modified by,” “modification date,”“annotation” and the like. The finder framework can return the queryableconditions in the form of a collection, which can be displayed on asearch page, which lists or represents the various search fieldscorresponding to the attribute categories in a localized form. A usermay enter values for these fields and perform, e.g., selecting one ormore of a labeled biomolecule, biomolecule, activated biomolecule,label, activated label and reactive linker having a specific name,structure, registry number, etc., providing specific keywords,identifying a desired domain, creator, modification date, annotation,and the like. The system then displays a list of labeled biomolecules,biomolecules, activated biomolecules, labels, activated labels orreactive linkers that satisfy the search conditions. In someembodiments, the system displays information regarding the criteria usedto perform the search.

In some embodiments, the input manager includes a labeled biomoleculedesign platform which is configured to provide a recommendation forchoosing one or more biomolecules, activated biomolecules, labels,activated labels or reactive linkers. In some embodiments, the designplatform is configured to provide a recommendation for choosing one ormore biomolecules, activated biomolecules, labels, activated labels orreactive linkers based on user input of one or more parameters of thedesired labeled biomolecule. For example, parameters of the desiredlabeled biomolecule which may be inputted by the user into the designplatform may include, but are not limited to, desired physicalproperties of the labeled biomolecule (e.g., molecular mass, meltingpoint, purity, etc.); desired chemical properties of the labeledbiomolecule (e.g., chemical structure, structural similarity to a secondlabeled biomolecule, ionizability, solvation, hydrolysis, chemicalreactivity, enzymatic reactivity, binding affinity, etc.); spectroscopicproperties (e.g., absorbance wavelength range, absorbance maxima,emission wavelength range, emission maxima, Stokes shift, quantum yield,molar extinction coefficient, etc.) In some embodiments, the designplatform is configured to provide a recommendation for choosing one ormore biomolecules, activated biomolecules, labels, activated labels orreactive linkers based on the application of the labeled biomolecule.For example, the design platform may be configured to provide arecommendation for choosing each component of the labeled biomoleculebased on instruments that will be used (e.g., flow cytometer,fluorescence spectrometer, etc.), instrument configuration, as well asexperimental parameters (e.g., target abundance such as antigen densityon a cell). The graphical user interface may include one or more textinput fields or drop-down menus for inputting data used by the designplatform to provide a recommendation for choosing one or morebiomolecules, activated biomolecules, labels, activated labels orreactive linkers.

The labeled biomolecule design platform may be configured to provide arecommendation for a plurality of different biomolecules, activatedbiomolecules, labels, activated labels or reactive linkers based oninformation (e.g., properties of the labeled biomolecule or expectedapplication of the labeled biomolecule) inputted by the user.

For example, the design platform may be configured to recommend 2 ormore different biomolecules, activated biomolecules, labels, activatedlabels or reactive linkers based on information inputted by the user,such as 3 or more, such as 4 or more, such as 5 or more, such as 10 ormore and including 25 or more biomolecules, activated biomolecules,labels, activated labels or reactive linkers.

In some embodiments, the labeled biomolecule design platform isconfigured to provide a recommendation as to the combination ofbiomolecule, label, activated label or reactive linker that is bestsuited for a particular application (e.g., configuration of a flowcytometer). For example, the design platform may be configured such thata user enters a list of one or more biomolecules and one or more labelsas well as application information (e.g., instrument configuration,target abundance, etc.) and the design platform outputs combinations arecommendation of biomolecules, labels, activated labels and reactivelinkers best suited for the stated application. In some embodiments, therecommendation for a labeled biomolecule, biomolecule, activatedbiomolecule, label, activated label or reactive linker is displayed on adisplay (e.g., an electronic display) or may be printed with a printer,such as onto a human (paper) readable medium or in a machine readableformat (e.g., as a barcode). In other embodiments, the recommendationfor a labeled biomolecule, biomolecule, activated biomolecule, label,activated label or reactive linker may be communicated to the inputmanager and the recommended labeled biomolecule may be prepared asdescribed above.

Systems of the present disclosure also include a memory for storing adataset having a plurality of storage identifiers that correspond withthe components the of the label biomolecule reagent request. The term“memory” is used herein in its conventional sense to refer to a devicethat stores information for subsequent retrieval by a processor, and mayinclude magnetic or optical devices (such as a hard disk, floppy disk,CD, or DVD), or solid state memory devices (such as volatile ornon-volatile RAM). A memory or memory unit may have more than onephysical memory device of the same or different types (for example, amemory may have multiple memory devices such as multiple hard drives ormultiple solid state memory devices or some combination of hard drivesand solid state memory devices). The memory may be a computer readablemedium or permanent memory. In embodiments, the memory may include oneor more datasets having a plurality of storage identifiers thatcorrespond to each labeled biomolecule, biomolecule, label, activatedbiomolecule, activated label and reactive linker in the system database.

The datasets stored in the memory include storage identifiers thatcorrespond with each labeled biomolecule, biomolecule, label, activatedbiomolecule, activated label or reactive linker. The storage identifiersmay be presented in the dataset as a string of one or more characters(e.g., alphanumeric characters), symbols, images or other graphicalrepresentation(s) associated with a particular labeled biomolecule,biomolecule, label, activated biomolecule, activated label or linker. Insome embodiments, the storage identifier is abbreviated designation ofthe labeled biomolecule, biomolecule, label, activated biomolecule,activated label or linker. For example, the storage identifier mayinclude references to accession number, sequence identification number,identifiable probe sequence, CAS registry number or may be a customidentification code.

The number of storage identifiers in each dataset stored in memory mayvary, depending on the type of storage identifiers. For example, thedataset stored in memory having a plurality of labeled biomoleculestorage identifiers may include 10 or more labeled biomolecule storageidentifiers, such as 25 or more, such as 50 or more, such as 100 or moreidentifiers, such 250 or more, such as 500 or more and including 1000 ormore labeled biomolecule storage identifiers. The dataset stored inmemory having a plurality of biomolecules or activated biomolecules mayinclude 25 or more biomolecule or activated biomolecule storageidentifiers, such as 50 or more, such as 100 or more, such as 250 ormore, such as 500 or more and including 1000 or more biomolecule oractivated biomolecule storage identifiers. The dataset stored in memoryhaving a plurality of labels or activated labels may include 5 or morelabel or activated label storage identifiers, such as 10 or more, suchas 15 or more, such as 25 or more and including 50 or more label oractivated label storage identifiers. In some embodiments, the datasetstored in memory having a plurality of reactive linkers includes 2 ormore reactive linker storage identifiers, such as 3 or more, such as 5or more, such as 10 or more and including 15 or more reactive linkerstorage identifiers.

The memory is in operative communication with a processing module thatidentifies one or more storage identifiers from the dataset thatcorresponds to the request received by the input manager. In someembodiments, the request for a labeled biomolecule reagent is a labeledbiomolecule request and the processing module identifies a labeledbiomolecule storage identifier from a dataset in the memory having aplurality of labeled biomolecules storage identifiers. In otherembodiments, the request for a labeled biomolecule reagent includes abiomolecule request and a label request and the processing moduleidentifies: 1) a biomolecule storage identifier from a first dataset inthe memory having a plurality of biomolecule storage identifiers; and 2)a label storage identifier from a second dataset in the memory having aplurality of label storage identifiers. In still other embodiments, therequest for a labeled biomolecule reagent includes a biomoleculerequest, a label request and a reactive linker request and theprocessing module identifies: 1) a biomolecule storage identifier from afirst dataset in the memory having a plurality of biomolecule storageidentifiers; 2) a label storage identifier from a second dataset in thememory having a plurality of label storage identifiers; and 3) areactive linker storage identifier from a third dataset in the memoryhaving a plurality of reactive linker storage identifiers. In someembodiments, the label request comprises an enzyme request and asubstrate request.

When a particular storage identifier that corresponds to a labeledbiomolecule request, biomolecule request, label request, activatedbiomolecule request, activated label request or reactive linker requestare not available (i.e., cannot be identified by the processing modulefrom any dataset in the memory), the memory may include algorithm forproviding a recommendation for an alternative labeled biomolecule,biomolecule, label, activated biomolecule, activated label or reactivelinker. The recommendation may be based on similarities in chemicalstructure, reactivity, probe target, binding affinity, target abundance,target density, label cross-talk, size, price, etc. as the requestedlabeled biomolecule, biomolecule, label, activated biomolecule,activated label or reactive linker. The memory may be configured toprovide a recommendation for one or more alternatives, such as 2 or morealternatives, such as 3 or more alternatives and including 5 or morealternatives, depending on the similarity between the requestedcomponent and available labeled biomolecule, biomolecule, label,activated biomolecule, activated label or reactive linkers.

The processing module may include a commercially available processorsuch as a processor made by Intel Corporation, a SPARC® processor madeby Sun Microsystems, or it may be one of other processors that are orwill become available.

The processor executes the operating system, which may be, for example,a WINDOWS®-type operating system from the Microsoft Corporation; a Unix®or Linux-type operating system or a future operating system; or somecombination thereof. The operating system interfaces with firmware andhardware in a well-known manner, and facilitates the processor incoordinating and executing the functions of various computer programsthat may be written in a variety of programming languages, such as Java,Perl, C++, other high level or low level languages, as well ascombinations thereof, as is known in the art. The operating system,typically in cooperation with the processor, coordinates and executesfunctions of the other components of the computer. The operating systemalso provides scheduling, input-output control, file and datamanagement, memory management, and communication control and relatedservices, all in accordance with known techniques.

Processing modules of the subject systems include both hardware andsoftware components, where the hardware components may take the form ofone or more platforms, e.g., in the form of servers, such that thefunctional elements, i.e., those elements of the system that carry outspecific tasks (such as managing input and output of information,processing information, etc.) of the system may be carried out by theexecution of software applications on and across the one or morecomputer platforms represented of the system. The one or more platformspresent in the subject systems may be any type of known computerplatform or a type to be developed in the future, although theytypically will be of a class of computer commonly referred to asservers.

However, they may also be a main-frame computer, a work station, orother computer type. They may be connected via any known or future typeof cabling or other communication system including wireless systems,either networked or otherwise. They may be co-located or they may bephysically separated. Various operating systems may be employed on anyof the computer platforms, possibly depending on the type and/or make ofcomputer platform chosen. Appropriate operating systems include WINDOWSNUCLEOTIDES®, Sun Solaris, Linux, OS/400, Compaq Tru64 Unix, SGI IRIX,Siemens Reliant Unix, and others. Other development products, such asthe Java™2 platform from Sun Microsystems, Inc. may be employed inprocessors of the subject systems to provide suites of applicationsprogramming interfaces (API's) that, among other things, enhance theimplementation of scalable and secure components. Various other softwaredevelopment approaches or architectures may be used to implement thefunctional elements of system and their interconnection, as will beappreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.

Systems of the present disclosure also include an output manager thatprovides the identified storage identifiers from the processing module.In some embodiments, the output manager includes an electronic displayand the identified storage identifiers are outputted onto the electronicdisplay. One or more storage identifiers may be outputted onto theelectronic display simultaneously, such as 2 or more, such as 3 or more,such as 5 or more, such as 10 or more, such as 25 or more, such as 100or more and including 500 or more storage identifiers. The outputmanager may display the storage identifiers of the labeled biomoleculereagent requests from a single user or from a plurality of users, suchas from 2 or more users, such as 5 or more users, such as 10 or moreusers, such as 25 or more users and including 100 or more users. Theoutput manager may be configured to organize the displayed storageidentifiers, as desired, such as grouping the storage identifiersaccording to each request for a labeled biomolecule, by user or by typeof storage identifier (e.g., labeled biomolecule storage identifier,biomolecule storage identifier, label storage identifier, reactivelinker storage identifier). In other embodiments, the output managerincludes a printer and the identified storage identifiers are printedonto a human (paper) readable medium or as in a machine readable format(e.g., as a barcode).

In some embodiments, the output manager communicates the storageidentifiers assembled by the processing module, e.g., one or morelabeled biomolecule storage identifiers, biomolecule storageidentifiers, label storage identifiers, reactive linker storageidentifiers in an electronic format to a user, such as over a local areanetwork or over the Internet. The electronic communication of data bythe output manager may be implemented according to a convenientprotocol, including but not limited to, SQL, HTML or XML documents,email or other files, or data in other forms.

The data may also include Internet URL addresses so that a user mayretrieve additional SQL, HTML, XML, or other documents or data fromremote sources.

Systems of the present disclosure for inputting a labeled biomoleculereagent request, storing a plurality of storage identifiers thatcorrespond with the components the of the label biomolecule reagentrequest, identifying one or more storage identifiers and for outputtingthe identified storage identifiers include a computer. In someembodiments, a general-purpose computer can be configured to afunctional arrangement for the methods and programs disclosed herein.The hardware architecture of such a computer is well known by a personskilled in the art, and can comprise hardware components including oneor more processors (CPU), a random-access memory (RAM), a read-onlymemory (ROM), an internal or external data storage medium (e.g., harddisk drive). A computer system can also comprise one or more graphicboards for processing and outputting graphical information to displaymeans.

The above components can be suitably interconnected via a bus inside thecomputer. The computer can further comprise suitable interfaces forcommunicating with general-purpose external components such as amonitor, keyboard, mouse, network, etc. In some embodiments, thecomputer can be capable of parallel processing or can be part of anetwork configured for parallel or distributive computing to increasethe processing power for the present methods and programs. In someembodiments, the program code read out from the storage medium can bewritten into memory provided in an expanded board inserted in thecomputer, or an expanded unit connected to the computer, and a CPU orthe like provided in the expanded board or expanded unit can actuallyperform a part or all of the operations according to the instructions ofthe program code, so as to accomplish the functions described below. Inother embodiments, the method can be performed using a cloud computingsystem. In these embodiments, the data files and the programming can beexported to a cloud computer that runs the program and returns an outputto the user.

A system can, in some embodiments, include a computer that includes: a)a central processing unit; b) a main non-volatile storage drive, whichcan include one or more hard drives, for storing software and data,where the storage drive is controlled by disk controller; c) a systemmemory, e.g., high speed random-access memory (RAM), for storing systemcontrol programs, data, and application programs, including programs anddata loaded from non-volatile storage drive; system memory can alsoinclude read-only memory (ROM); d) a user interface, including one ormore input or output devices, such as a mouse, a keypad, and a display;e) an optional network interface card for connecting to any wired orwireless communication network, e.g., a printer; and f) an internal busfor interconnecting the aforementioned elements of the system.

The memory of a computer system can be any device that can storeinformation for retrieval by a processor, and can include magnetic oroptical devices, or solid state memory devices (such as volatile ornon-volatile RAM). A memory or memory unit can have more than onephysical memory device of the same or different types (for example, amemory can have multiple memory devices such as multiple drives, cards,or multiple solid state memory devices or some combination of the same).With respect to computer readable media, “permanent memory” refers tomemory that is permanent.

Permanent memory is not erased by termination of the electrical supplyto a computer or processor. Computer hard-drive ROM (i.e., ROM not usedas virtual memory), CD-ROM, floppy disk and DVD are all examples ofpermanent memory. Random Access Memory (RAM) is an example ofnon-permanent (i.e., volatile) memory. A file in permanent memory can beeditable and re-writable.

Operation of the computer is controlled primarily by an operatingsystem, which is executed by the central processing unit. The operatingsystem can be stored in a system memory. In some embodiments, theoperating system includes a file system. In addition to an operatingsystem, one possible implementation of the system memory includes avariety of programming files and data files for implementing the methoddescribed below. In some embodiments, the programming can contain aprogram, where the program can be composed of various modules, and auser interface module that permits a user to manually select or changethe inputs to or the parameters used by the program. The data files caninclude various inputs for the program.

In some embodiments, instructions in accordance with the methoddescribed herein can be coded onto a computer-readable medium in theform of “programming,” where the term “computer readable medium” as usedherein refers to any storage or transmission medium that participates inproviding instructions and/or data to a computer for execution and/orprocessing. Examples of storage media include a floppy disk, hard disk,optical disk, magneto-optical disk, CD-ROM, CD-R, magnetic tape,non-volatile memory card, ROM, DVD-ROM, Blue-ray disk, solid state disk,and network attached storage (NAS), whether or not such devices areinternal or external to the computer. A file containing information canbe “stored” on computer readable medium, where “storing” means recordinginformation such that it is accessible and retrievable at a later dateby a computer.

The computer-implemented method described herein can be executed usingprograms that can be written in one or more of any number of computerprogramming languages. Such languages include, for example, Java (SunMicrosystems, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif.), Visual Basic (Microsoft Corp.,Redmond, Wash.), and C++ (AT&T Corp., Bedminster, N.J.), as well as anymany others.

In any embodiment, data can be forwarded to a “remote location,” where“remote location,” means a location other than the location at which theprogram is executed.

For example, a remote location could be another location (e.g., office,lab, etc.) in the same city, another location in a different city,another location in a different state, another location in a differentcountry, etc. As such, when one item is indicated as being “remote” fromanother, what is meant is that the two items can be in the same room butseparated, or at least in different rooms or different buildings, andcan be at least one mile, ten miles, or at least one hundred milesapart. “Communicating” information references transmitting the datarepresenting that information as electrical signals over a suitablecommunication channel (e.g., a private or public network). “Forwarding”an item refers to any means of getting that item from one location tothe next, whether by physically transporting that item or otherwise(where that is possible) and includes, at least in the case of data,physically transporting a medium carrying the data or communicating thedata. Examples of communicating media include radio or infra-redtransmission channels as well as a network connection to anothercomputer or networked device, and the internet or including emailtransmissions and information recorded on websites and the like.

Some embodiments include implementation on a single computer, or acrossa network of computers, or across networks of networks of computers, forexample, across a network cloud, across a local area network, onhand-held computer devices, etc. In some embodiments, one or more of thesteps described herein are implemented on a computer program(s). Suchcomputer programs execute one or more of the steps described herein. Insome embodiments, implementations of the subject method include variousdata structures, categories, and modifiers described herein, encoded oncomputer-readable medium(s) and transmissible over communicationsnetwork(s).

Software, web, internet, cloud, or other storage and computer networkimplementations of the present invention could be accomplished withstandard programming techniques to conduct the various assigning,calculating, identifying, scoring, accessing, generating or discardingsteps.

FIG. 16 depicts a computer system 1600 of the present disclosureaccording to some embodiments. The computer system includes userinterface 1601 that includes a keyboard 1601 a, a mouse 1601 b andmonitor 1601 c for inputting a labeled biomolecule reagent request. Userinterface 1601 is operatively coupled to a memory 1602 that includesoperating system 1602 a, system files 1602 b and datasets that include aplurality of storage identifiers that correspond to the components ofthe labeled biomolecule reagent request: 1) labeled biomolecule request1602 d; 2) biomolecule request 1602 e; 3) label request 1602 f; 4)activated biomolecule request 1602 g; 5) activated label request 1602 h;and 6) reactive linker request 1602 i. Memory 1602 also includes adatabase 1602 j that includes a searchable inventory listing of labeledbiomolecules 1602 k, biomolecules 1602 l, labels 1602 m and reactivelinkers 1602 n. In some embodiments, the label request comprises anenzyme request and a substrate request.

The memory and user interface are operatively coupled to a processor1603 through connection 1604 that includes a storage drive 1606 that iscontrolled by disk controller 1605. As described above, the processoridentifies one or more storage identifiers from the dataset thatcorresponds to the request received by the input manager.

To output the identified storage identifiers, systems of interestaccording to this embodiment include a network interface controller 1607which outputs the storage identifiers. Network interface controller 1607may be interfaced with an electronic display to visually display theidentified storage identifiers or may be interfaced with a printer forpresenting the identified storage identifiers onto a human (paper)readable medium or as in a machine readable format (e.g., as a barcode).In some embodiments, network interface controller 1607 communicates thestorage identifiers in an electronic format, such as over a local areanetwork or over the internet and may be implemented according to anyelectronic format, including but not limited to, SQL, HTML or XMLdocuments, email or other files, or data in other forms.

FIG. 17 illustrates a flow diagram 1700 for receiving, processing andoutputting a request for a labeled biomolecule reagent according to someembodiments. Receiving and processing 1701 the request starts withinputting the one or more components of the labeled biomolecule reagentrequest (1702). As discussed above, the labeled biomolecule reagentrequest may include one or more of 1) a labeled biomolecule request; and2) a biomolecule request and a label request. In some embodiments, thebiomolecule request is an activated biomolecule request wherebiomolecule is coupled to a reactive linker. In some embodiments, thelabel request is an activated label request where the label is coupledto a reactive linker. In some embodiments, the label request comprisesan enzyme request and a substrate request.

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide isconjugated to the biomolecule through a linker. The oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the biomolecule. Thechemical group can be selected from the group consisting of a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

After the systems has received the labeled biomolecule reagent request,a processor determines the components of the request (i.e., labeledbiomolecule request; or biomolecule request and label request) and thesystem searches (1703) the memory for storage identifiers thatcorrespond to that particular request. When the appropriate dataset isretrieved, the processing module identifies one or more storageidentifiers that correspond with the components of the labeledbiomolecule reagent request (1704). If more than one labeled biomoleculereagent request is inputted by a single user, the system may repeat theabove until all storage identifiers from the user's requests are locatedand identified by the processor (1705).

Systems are configured to output (1706) the identified storageidentifiers once the labeled biomolecule reagent request from the userhas been processed. The output manager may display the storageidentifiers on an electronic display or print the storage identifiers(1707). The storage identifiers may also be communicated electronically(1708), such as to a reagent preparatory apparatus or over the internetto a third party manufacturer.

In some embodiments, systems include a reagent preparatory apparatus forpreparing the labeled biomolecule reagent that corresponds to therequested labeled biomolecule received by the input manager. The reagentpreparatory apparatus is operatively coupled to the output manager andis configured to receive the identified storage identifiers (e.g.,labeled biomolecule storage identifier, biomolecule storage identifier,label storage identifier, reactive linker storage identifier) andproduce the labeled biomolecule reagent according to the receivedstorage identifiers. In these embodiments, the reagent preparatoryapparatus may be in communication with the output manager locally, suchas through a cable or local area network or may be in a remote locationand connected to the output manager through a wide-area network orthrough the internet. To facilitate connectivity between the reagentpreparatory apparatus and the output manager, systems may include anysuitable connectivity protocols, such as a cables, transmitters, relaystations, network servers, network interface cards, Ethernet modems,telephone network connections as well as satellite network connections.In some embodiments, the reagent preparatory apparatus includes agraphical user interface where the storage identifiers from the outputmanager are manually inputted into an input manager operatively coupledto the graphical user interface of the reagent preparatory apparatus.

In some embodiments, the reagent preparatory apparatus is fullyautomated.

By “fully automated” is meant that the reagent preparatory apparatusreceives the identified storage identifiers from the output manager andprepares, formulates and packages the labeled biomolecule reagent withlittle to no human intervention or manual input into the subjectsystems. In some embodiments, the subject systems are configured toprepare, purify and package the labeled biomolecule reagent from anactivated biomolecule and activated label without any humanintervention.

The reagent preparatory apparatus includes a sampling device thatprovides an activated biomolecule and an activated label to a contactingapparatus. The sampling device may be any convenient device in fluidcommunication with each source of activated biomolecule and activatedlabel, such as for example, a high throughput sample changer having aplurality of reagent vials containing activated biomolecules andactivated labels. The sampling device may also include microfluidicchannels, syringes, needles, pipettes, aspirators, among other samplingdevices. The contacting apparatus may be any suitable apparatus whichallows for an activated biomolecule to be contacted with an activatedlabel. For example, in some embodiments, the contacting apparatus is asample chamber (e.g., enclosed, sealed, air-tight, open, plate, etc.).In other embodiments, the contacting apparatus is a microtube. In otherembodiments, the contacting apparatus is a test tube. In yet otherembodiments, the contacting apparatus is a glass flask (e.g., beaker,volumetric flask, Erlenmeyer flask, etc.). In still other embodiments,the contacting apparatus is a 96-well plate. In some embodiments, thesubject systems may further include a packaging unit configured to sealthe produced labeled biomolecule reagent in the contacting apparatus(e.g., microtube, test tube, etc.). In other embodiments, the producedlabeled biomolecule reagent is first characterized and further purified,diluted, concentrated or re-formulated before sealing in a container andpackaged with the packaging unit.

The contacting apparatus may further include an agitator for mixing thecombined activated biomolecule and activated label. The agitator may beany convenient agitator sufficient for mixing the subject compositions,including but not limited to vortexers, sonicators, shakers (e.g.,manual, mechanical, or electrically powered shakers), rockers,oscillating plates, magnetic stirrers, static mixers, rotators,blenders, mixers, tumblers, orbital shakers, bubbles, microfluidic flow,among other agitating protocols.

In some embodiments, the reagent preparatory apparatus also includes asource of activated biomolecules and activated labels. The source mayinclude a plurality of activated biomolecules and activated labels. Insome embodiments, the reagent preparatory apparatus includes a sourcecontaining 5 or more different types of activated biomolecules, such as10 or more, such as 100 or more, such as 250 or more, such as 500 ormore and including 1000 or more different types of activatedbiomolecules. For example, the reagent preparatory apparatus may includea source containing 5 or more different types of activated antibodyprobes or activated oligonucleotide probes, such as 10 or more, such as100 or more, such as 250 or more, such as 500 or more and including 1000or more different types of activated antibody probes or activatedoligonucleotide probes.

In some embodiments, the reagent preparatory apparatus includes a sourcecontaining 5 or more different types of activated labels, such as 10 ormore, such as 15 or more, such as 25 or more, such as 50 or more andincluding 100 or more different types of activated labels. For example,the reagent preparatory apparatus may include a source containing 5 ormore different types of activated fluorophores, such as 10 or more, suchas 15 or more, such as 25 or more, such as 50 or more and including 100or more different types of activated fluorophores.

The source of activated biomolecules and activated labels may be anysuitable reservoir that is capable of storing and providing one or moretype of activated biomolecule and activated label to the contactingapparatus. In one example, the source is a single high throughputreservoir that stores a plurality of different types of activatedbiomolecules and activated labels in separate, partitioned reagentchambers. In another example, the source of activated biomolecules andactivated labels is a plurality of individual vials of each activatedbiomolecule and each activated label. In yet another example, the sourceof activated biomolecules and activated labels is a reservoir withpre-measured aliquots of each activated biomolecule and each activatedlabel. For example, the reservoir may include pre-measured aliquots ofeach activated biomolecule and each activated label sufficient toprepare one or more labeled biomolecules, such as 2 or more, such as 5or more, such as 10 or more, such as 25 or more, such as 100 or more,such as 500 or more and including 1000 or more labeled biomolecules.

Depending on the particular design of reservoir containing the activatedbiomolecules and activated labels, the reagent preparatory apparatus mayfurther include one or more inlets for delivering the activatedbiomolecules and activated labels to the contacting apparatus.

The reagent preparatory apparatus may also include one or more reagentpurifiers. Reagent purification protocols of interest may include, butis not limited to size exclusion chromatography, ion exchangechromatography, filtration (e.g., membrane filters, size cut-offfiltration), liquid-liquid extraction, passive dialysis, activedialysis, centrifugation, precipitation, among other purificationprotocols.

The reagent preparatory apparatus may also include a reagent analyzer.In some embodiments, the sample analyzer may be mass cytometry, massspectrometry (e.g., TOF mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry), absorbance spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy,volumetric analysis, conductivity analysis, nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, colorimetry,elemental analysis, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry or gaschromatography-mass spectrometry systems. For example, the apparatus mayinclude analytical separation device such as a liquid chromatograph(LC), including a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC), fastprotein liquid chromatography (FPLC) a micro- or nano-liquidchromatograph or an ultra high pressure liquid chromatograph (UHPLC)device, a capillary electrophoresis (CE), or a capillary electrophoresischromatograph (CEC) apparatus. However, any manual or automatedinjection or dispensing pump system may be used. For instance, thesubject sample may be applied to the LC-MS system by employing a nano-or micropump in some embodiments. Mass spectrometer systems may be anyconvenient mass spectrometry system, which in general contains an ionsource for ionizing a sample, a mass analyzer for separating ions, and adetector that detects the ions. In some embodiments, the massspectrometer may be a so-called “tandem” mass spectrometer that iscapable of isolating precursor ions, fragmenting the precursor ions, andanalyzing the fragmented precursor ions. The ion source may rely on anytype of ionization method, including but not limited to electrosprayionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI),electron impact (EI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI),matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) or inductivelycoupled plasma (ICP) ionization, for example, or any combination thereof(to provide a so-called “multimode” ionization source). In oneembodiment, the precursor ions may be made by EI, ESI or MALDI, and aselected precursor ion may be fragmented by collision or using photonsto produce product ions that are subsequently analyzed. Likewise, any ofa variety of different mass analyzers may be employed, including time offlight (TOF), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR), iontrap, quadrupole or double focusing magnetic electric sector massanalyzers, or any hybrid thereof. In one embodiment, the mass analyzermay be a sector, transmission quadrupole, or time-of-flight massanalyzer.

The reagent preparatory apparatus may also be configured to formulatethe labeled biomolecule reagent with one or more excipients, such as abuffer, preservative, drying agent, etc. In some embodiments, thereagent preparatory apparatus is configured to formulate the labeledbiomolecule reagent with one or more buffers.

Example buffers may include but are not limited to PBS (phosphate)buffer, acetate buffer, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine (Bicine) buffer,3-{[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino}propanesulfonic acid (TAPS) buffer,2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer, citrate buffer,tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine (Tris) buffer,N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine (Tricine) buffer,3-[N-Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic Acid(TAPSO) buffer, 4-2-hydroxyethyl-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)buffer, 2-{[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]amino}ethanesulfonic acid (TES)buffer, piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES) buffer,dimethylarsinic acid (Cacodylate) buffer, saline sodium citrate (SSC)buffer, 2(R)-2-(methylamino)succinic acid (succinic acid) buffer,potassium phosphate buffer, N-Cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid(CHES) buffer, among other types of buffered solutions.

The reagent preparatory apparatus may also include a packing unit forpackaging the labeled biomolecule reagent. In some embodiments, thepackaging unit may package the prepared labeled biomolecule reagent andprepare the labeled biomolecule reagent for shipping, such as by mail.In some embodiments, the prepared labeled biomolecule reagent isdispensed into a container and sealed. In some embodiments, the labeledbiomolecule reagent is dispensed into a container, sealed and furtherpackaged such as in a pouch, bag, tube, vial, microtube or bottle. Wheredesired, the packaging may be sterile.

In some embodiments, systems of interest include an on-demand standalonelabeled biomolecule reagent dispensing station configured to: 1) receiveone or more requests for a labeled biomolecule reagent; 2) prepare therequested labeled biomolecule reagent and 3) deliver the preparedlabeled biomolecule reagent to the requestor (e.g., customer). Forexample, the standalone reagent dispensing station may be a self-vendingmachine that is configured to receive one or more labeled biomoleculereagent requests from a customer, prepare the requested labeledbiomolecule and dispense the prepared labeled biomolecule to thecustomer on demand. Depending on the number of labeled biomoleculereagent requests and the amount of each labeled biomolecule reagentsrequested, standalone reagent dispensing stations of interest mayprepare and dispense the labeled biomolecule to the requestor on demandin 10 seconds or more after input of the labeled biomolecule request,such as in 15 seconds or more, such as in 30 seconds or more, such as in1 minute or more, such as in 5 minutes or more, such as in 10 minutes ormore, such as in 15 minutes or more, such as in 30 minutes or more andincluding in 60 minutes or more, such as in 1.5 hours or more, such asin 2 hours or more, such as in 2.5 hours or more, such as in 3 hours ormore, such as in 4 hours or more, such as in 5 hours or more, such as in6 hours or more, such as in 8 hours or more, such as in 10 hours ormore, such as in 12 hours or more, such as in 16 hours or more, such asin 18 hours or more and including in 24 hours or more. In someembodiments, the standalone reagent dispensing station is configured toprepare and dispense the labeled biomolecule to the requestor on demandin a duration that ranges from 5 seconds to 60 seconds, such as from 10seconds to 50 seconds and including from 15 seconds to 45 seconds. Insome embodiments, the standalone reagent dispensing station isconfigured to prepare and dispense the labeled biomolecule to therequestor on demand in a duration that ranges from 1 minute to 60minutes, such as from 2 minutes to 55 minutes, such as from 5 minutes to50 minutes, such as from 15 minutes to 45 minutes and including from 20minutes to 40 minutes, for example preparing and dispensing the labeledbiomolecule to the requestor in 30 minutes. In still some embodiments,the standalone reagent dispensing station is configured to prepare anddispense the labeled biomolecule to the requestor on demand in aduration that ranges from 0.5 hours to 24 hours, such as from 1 hour to20 hours, such as from 1.5 hours to 18 hours, such as from 2 hours to 16hours, such as from 2.5 hours to 12 hours, such as from 3 hours to 10hours, such as from 3.5 hours to 8 hours and including from 4 hours to 6hours.

In these embodiments, the subject standalone reagent dispensing stationsmay include the components for receiving a labeled biomolecule reagentrequest and preparing the requested labeled biomolecule reagent, asdescribed above. For instance, the standalone labeled biomoleculereagent dispensing station may include an input module for receiving arequest for a labeled biomolecule; a reagent preparatory apparatus; anda dispensing module for outputting a packaged labeled biomolecule. Inthese embodiments, the input module may include an input manager forreceiving a request for a labeled biomolecule, a memory for storing adataset having a plurality of storage identifiers that correspond to theone or more components of the labeled biomolecule reagent request (e.g.,biomolecule, label, etc.), a processing module communicatively coupledto the memory and configured to identify a storage identifier from thedataset that corresponds to the components of the labeled biomoleculereagent request and an output manager for providing the identifiedstorage identifiers. The standalone station also includes, as describedabove, a graphical user interface as well as user input devices forcommunicating the labeled biomolecule request to the input manager ofthe standalone dispensing station.

In embodiments, the output manager is communicatively coupled to thereagent preparatory apparatus in the standalone reagent dispensingstation which is configured with one or more sources of biomolecules,labels, reactive linkers, activated biomolecules and activated labelsand a contacting station for coupling an activated biomolecule and anactivated label to produce the requested labeled biomolecule. In someembodiments, the standalone reagent dispensing station includes aplurality of pre-synthesized labeled biomolecules and the standalonereagent dispensing station is configured to aliquot an amount of thepre-synthesized labeled biomolecule reagent into a container anddispense the labeled biomolecule reagent to the requestor.

The standalone labeled biomolecule reagent dispensing station alsoincludes a dispensing module that is configured to provide a packagedlabeled biomolecule reagent. In embodiments, the dispensing module mayinclude a packaging unit for packaging the prepared labeled biomoleculereagent. In some embodiments, the prepared labeled biomolecule reagentis dispensed into a container and sealed. In some embodiments, thelabeled biomolecule reagent is dispensed into a container, sealed andfurther packaged such as in a pouch, bag, tube, vial, microtube orbottle. Where desired, the packaging may be sterile.

In some embodiments, the standalone reagent dispensing station is fullyautomated, where a labeled biomolecule request is received and thestation prepares, purifies and packages the labeled biomolecule reagentwith little to no human intervention or manual input into the subjectsystems apart from the labeled biomolecule request.

Methods for Preparing a Labeled Biomolecule Reagent

Aspects of the present disclosure also include methods for preparing alabeled biomolecule reagent. Methods according to some embodimentsinclude receiving a request for a labeled biomolecule reagent andpreparing a labeled biomolecule. In other embodiments, methods includereceiving a request for a labeled biomolecule reagent with one or moreinput managers as described above, identifying a storage identifier thatcorresponds with the labeled biomolecule reagent request; outputting theone or more identified storage identifiers and preparing the labeledbiomolecule from the identified storage identifiers.

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide isconjugated to the biomolecule through a linker. The oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the biomolecule. Thechemical group can be selected from the group consisting of a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

As discussed above, the labeled biomolecule reagent is a biologicalmacromolecule that is coupled (e.g., covalently bonded) to a detectablemarker. In some embodiments, methods include preparing a polypeptidecoupled to a detectable marker, a nucleic acid coupled to a detectablemarker, a polysaccharide coupled to a detectable marker, or acombination thereof. In one example, the biomolecule is anoligonucleotide, truncated or full-length DNA or RNA. In anotherexample, the biomolecule is a polypeptide, protein, enzyme or antibody.In some embodiments, the biomolecule is a biological probe having aspecific binding domain sufficient to bind an analyte of interest.Specific binding domains of interest include, but are not limited to,antibody binding agents, proteins, peptides, haptens, nucleic acids,etc. The term “antibody binding agent” as used herein includespolyclonal or monoclonal antibodies or fragments that are sufficient tobind to an analyte of interest. The antibody fragments can be, forexample, monomeric Fab fragments, monomeric Fab′ fragments, or dimericF(ab)′2 fragments, as well as molecules produced by antibodyengineering, such as single-chain antibody molecules (scFv) or humanizedor chimeric antibodies produced from monoclonal antibodies byreplacement of the constant regions of the heavy and light chains toproduce chimeric antibodies or replacement of both the constant regionsand the framework portions of the variable regions to produce humanizedantibodies.

Labels of interest include detectable markers that are detectible basedon, for example, fluorescence emission, fluorescence polarization,fluorescence lifetime, fluorescence wavelength, absorbance maxima,absorbance wavelength, Stokes shift, light scatter, mass, molecularmass, redox, acoustic, raman, magnetism, radio frequency, enzymaticreactions (including chemiluminescence and electro-chemiluminescence) orcombinations thereof. Labels of interest may include, but are notlimited to fluorophores, chromophores, enzymes, enzyme substrates,catalysts, redox labels, radiolabels, acoustic labels, Raman (SERS) tag,mass tag, isotope tag (e.g., isotopically pure rare earth element),magnetic particles, microparticles, nanoparticles, oligonucleotides, orany combination thereof.

Methods include receiving a request for a labeled biomolecule reagent.In embodiments of the present disclosure, the labeled biomoleculereagent request includes one or more of: 1) a labeled biomoleculerequest; and 2) a biomolecule request and a label request. In someembodiments, the label request comprises an enzyme request and asubstrate request. In some embodiments, the biomolecule request is anactivated biomolecule request where biomolecule is coupled to a reactivelinker. In some embodiments, the label request is an activated labelrequest where the label is coupled to a reactive linker. The labeledbiomolecule reagent request may be received by any convenientcommunication protocol including, but not limited to, receiving thelabeled biomolecule reagent request over the telephone, by facsimile,electronic mail or postal mail. In some embodiments, the labeledbiomolecule reagent request is communicated by inputting the labeledbiomolecule reagent request into a graphical user interface on acomputer, such as through an internet website.

One or more labeled biomolecule reagent requests may be received(simultaneously or sequentially), such as receiving 2 or more labeledbiomolecule reagent requests, such as 5 or more, such as 10 or more andincluding receiving 25 or more labeled biomolecule reagent requests.Where the request for a labeled biomolecule reagent includes only asingle component and is a labeled biomolecule request, methods mayinclude receiving 2 or more labeled biomolecule requests, such as 5 ormore, such as 10 or more and including 25 or more labeled biomoleculerequests. Where the labeled biomolecule reagent request includes twocomponents, such as a biomolecule request and a label request, methodsmay include receiving 2 or more biomolecule requests, such as 5 or more,such as 10 or more and including 25 or more biomolecule requests andconfigured to receive 2 or more label requests, such as 5 or more, suchas 10 or more and including 25 or more label requests. In someembodiments, methods including receiving a labeled biomolecule reagentrequest that includes a single biomolecule request and single labelrequest. In some embodiments, methods include receiving a labeledbiomolecule reagent request that includes a single biomolecule requestand a plurality of different label requests. In yet some embodiments,the methods include receiving a labeled biomolecule reagent request thatincludes a plurality of different biomolecule requests and a singlelabel request. In still some embodiments, methods include receiving alabeled biomolecule reagent request that includes a plurality ofdifferent biomolecule requests and a plurality of different labelrequests.

The labeled biomolecule reagent requests may be received from a singleuser or a plurality of users, such as from 2 or more users, such as from5 or more users, such as from 10 or more users, such as from 25 or moreusers and including receiving labeled biomolecule requests from 100 ormore users.

In some embodiments, methods include receiving a request for a labeledbiomolecule reagent and inputting the request into a graphical userinterface of an input manager (as described above) entered through. Inother embodiments, the user making the labeled biomolecule reagentrequest inputs the request directly into the graphical user interface.The labeled biomolecule request, in these embodiments, may be enteredinto the graphical user interface and communicated to the input manageras a string of one or more characters (e.g., alphanumeric characters),symbols, images or other graphical representation(s) of the labeledbiomolecule. In some embodiments, the request is a “shorthand”designation or other suitable identifier of the labeled biomolecule,biomolecule, label, activated biomolecule, activated label or reactivelinker. For example, the request may include biomolecule name, labelname, ascension number, sequence identification number, abbreviatedprobe sequence, chemical structure or Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)registry number.

As described above, after the labeled biomolecule request is received bythe input manager, a processing module of the subject systems identifiesone or more storage identifiers from a dataset stored in memory thatcorresponds to the components of the received labeled biomoleculereagent request (e.g., a labeled biomolecule storage identifier, abiomolecule storage identifier, a label storage identifier, a reactivelinker storage identifier, etc.) The storage identifiers that correspondto each component of the received labeled biomolecule reagent request isoutputted by an output manager. In some embodiments, each labeledbiomolecule storage identifier is displayed on a monitor. In someembodiments, the storage identifiers is outputted by printing in amachine (e.g., as a barcode) or human readable format. Where the labeledbiomolecule reagent is prepared by a computer controlled reagentpreparatory apparatus (as described in greater detail below), the outputmanager is operatively coupled to the reagent preparatory apparatus andeach storage identifier may electronically communicated to the reagentpreparatory apparatus, such as through an internet protocol, includingbut not limited to SQL, HTML or XML documents, email or other files, ordata in other forms.

Depending on the number of labeled biomolecule requests received, one ormore storage identifiers may be simultaneously outputted by the outputmanager, such as 2 or more, such as 3 or more, such as 3 or more, suchas 5 or more, such as 10 or more, such as 25 or more, such as 100 ormore and including outputting 500 or more storage identifiers. Each setof outputted storage identifiers may correspond with the labeledbiomolecule requests from a single user or from a plurality of users.

In some embodiments, the output manager organizes (e.g., groupstogether) storage identifiers based on a predetermined criteria beforedisplaying or printing the storage identifiers. In one example, theoutput manager groups together all of the storage identifiers from aparticular user. In another example, the output manager groups togetherall of the same labeled biomolecule storage identifiers. In yet anotherexample, the output manager organizes the storage identifiers based onname or type of biomolecule (e.g., antibody, oligonucleotide). In stillanother example, the output manager organizes the storage identifiersbased on the name or type of label (e.g., fluorescein, coumarin).

In some embodiments, methods include preparing a labeled biomoleculereagent according to the received request and/or the outputted storageidentifiers. In some embodiments, preparing the labeled biomoleculereagent includes selecting an activated biomolecule and an activatedlabel from a storage having a plurality of activated biomolecules and aplurality of activated labels. Each labeled biomolecule reagent may beprepared manually by one or more individuals, such as in a laboratory ormay be prepared with a computer-controlled reagent preparatory apparatus(e.g., a high throughput preparatory system) as described above. In someembodiments, where the outputted storage identifier is a labeledbiomolecule storage identifier, methods include retrieving the labeledbiomolecule from a storage that corresponds to the outputted labeledbiomolecule storage identifier. In these instances, methods may furtherinclude purifying the labeled biomolecule from the storage or adding oneor more additional reagents (e.g., buffers, antioxidants, etc.) asdesired. In some embodiments, the retrieved labeled biomolecule may bepackaged and shipped to the user without further purification oradditions to the composition.

In other embodiments, the labeled biomolecule is prepared by contactingan activated biomolecule that corresponds with the outputted biomoleculestorage identifier with an activated label that corresponds with theoutputted label storage identifier. Any convenient reaction protocol maybe employed to mix the activated biomolecule with the activated label,so long as reaction is sufficient to form a covalent bond between thereactive linker of the activated biomolecule and the reactive linker ofthe activated label. Mixing, in some embodiments, may include stirringthe mixture with a magnetic stir bar or manually stirring the mixture aswell as vortexing of agitating the mixture either manually (i.e., byhand) or mechanically (i.e., by a mechanically or electrically poweredshaking device). The activated biomolecule and activated label arecontacted for a duration sufficient to couple the activated biomoleculeto the activated label, such as for 1 minute or longer, such as for 5minutes or longer, such as for 10 minutes or longer and including for 30minutes or longer.

As discussed above, the activated biomolecule and activated label eachinclude a reactive linker which when carried out under appropriateconditions, react together to form chemical linkage, such as forexample, an ionic bond (charge-charge interaction), a non-covalent bond(e.g., dipole-dipole or charge-dipole) or a covalent bond. In someembodiments, the reactive linker or moiety of the activated biomoleculereacts with the reactive linker or moiety of the activated label toproduce an ionic bond. In other embodiments, the reactive linker ormoiety of the activated biomolecule reacts with the reactive linker ormoiety of the activated label to produce a non-covalent bond. In yetother embodiments, the reactive linker or moiety of the activatedbiomolecule reacts with the reactive linker or moiety of the activatedlabel to produce a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the reactivelinker of the activated biomolecule and the reactive linker of theactivated label react to produce a covalent bond. Any convenientprotocol for forming a covalent bond between the reactive linker of theactivated biomolecule and the reactive linker of the activated label maybe employed, including but not limited to addition reactions,elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions,photochemical reactions, redox reactions, radical reactions, reactionsthrough a carbine intermediate, metathesis reaction, among other typesof bond-forming reactions. In some embodiments, the activatedbiomolecule may be conjugated to the activated label through reactivelinking chemistry such as where reactive linker pairs include, but isnot limited to: maleimide/thiol; thiol/thiol; pyridyldithiol/thiol;succinimidyl iodoacetate/thiol; N-succinimidylester (NHS ester),sulfodicholorphenol ester (SDP ester), or pentafluorophenyl-ester (PFPester)/amine; bissuccinimidylester/amine; imidoesters/amines; hydrazineor amine/aldehyde, dialdehyde or benzaldehyde; isocyanate/hydroxyl oramine; carbohydrate-periodate/hydrazine or amine; diazirine/aryl azidechemistry; pyridyldithiol/aryl azide chemistry; alkyne/azide;carboxy-carbodiimide/amine; amine/Sulfo-SMCC (Sulfosuccinimidyl4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate)/thiol and amine/BMPH(N-[β-Maleimidopropionic acid]hydrazide.TFA)/thiol;azide/triarylphosphine; nitrone/cyclooctyne; azide/tetrazine andformylbenzamide/hydrazino-nicotinamide.

After contacting the activated biomolecule and activated label for aduration sufficient to form a chemical linkage (e.g., covalent bond)between each respective reactive linker, the labeled biomolecule may befurther purified, such as by microextraction, gel electrophoresis,liquid-liquid extraction, centrifugation, precipitation, passive oractive dialysis, or solid phase chromatography, including but notlimited to ion exchange chromatography, liquid chromatography employinga reverse phase stationary column, size exclusion chromatography, highperformance liquid chromatography and preparatory thin layerchromatography, ultrafiltration (membrane filters with size cut offs),among other purification protocols.

Methods may also include analysis of the prepared labeled biomoleculereagent.

By analyzed is meant characterizing the chemical composition of thelabeled biomolecule reagent, including but not limited to the amount andtypes of compounds in the prepared reagent composition as well as anyimpurities present. Analysis of the prepared labeled biomolecule reagentmay be conducted using any convenient protocol, such as for example byphysical measurements (e.g., mass analysis, density analysis, volumetricanalysis, etc.) mass spectrometry (e.g., TOF mass spectrometry,inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), mass cytometry,absorbance spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, conductivityanalysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, colorimetry,elemental analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In someembodiments, analysis of the labeled biomolecule is conducted by massspectrometry. In some embodiments, analysis of the labeled biomoleculeis conducted by fluorescence spectroscopy. In some embodiments, analysisof the labeled biomolecule is conducted by gas chromatography. In someembodiments, analysis of the labeled biomolecule is conducted by liquidchromatography. In some embodiments, analysis of the labeled biomoleculeis conducted by elemental analysis. In some embodiments, analysis of thelabeled biomolecule reagent is conducted by gas chromatography-massspectrometry. In other embodiments, analysis of the labeled biomoleculereagent is conducted by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forexample, the apparatus may include analytical separation device such asa liquid chromatograph (LC), including a high performance liquidchromatograph (HPLC), fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) a micro-or nano-liquid chromatograph or an ultra high pressure liquidchromatograph (UHPLC) device, a capillary electrophoresis (CE), or acapillary electrophoresis chromatograph (CEC) apparatus. However, anymanual or automated injection or dispensing pump system may be used. Forinstance, the subject sample may be applied to the LC-MS system byemploying a nano- or micropump in some embodiments. Mass spectrometersystems may be any convenient mass spectrometry system, which in generalcontains an ion source for ionizing a sample, a mass analyzer forseparating ions, and a detector that detects the ions. In someembodiments, the mass spectrometer may be a so-called “tandem” massspectrometer that is capable of isolating precursor ions, fragmentingthe precursor ions, and analyzing the fragmented precursor ions. The ionsource may rely on any type of ionization method, including but notlimited to electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemicalionization (APCI), electron impact (EI), atmospheric pressurephotoionization (APPI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization(MALDI) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) ionization, for example, orany combination thereof (to provide a so-called “multimode” ionizationsource). In one embodiment, the precursor ions may be made by EI, ESI orMALDI, and a selected precursor ion may be fragmented by collision orusing photons to produce product ions that are subsequently analyzed.Likewise, any of a variety of different mass analyzers may be employed,including time of flight (TOF), Fourier transform ion cyclotronresonance (FTICR), ion trap, quadrupole or double focusing magneticelectric sector mass analyzers, or any hybrid thereof. In oneembodiment, the mass analyzer may be a sector, transmission quadrupole,or time-of-flight mass analyzer.

After preparation (as well as purification and analysis, where desired)of the labeled biomolecule reagent, each prepared labeled biomoleculereagent may be loaded into a container for packaging and delivery inaccordance with the labeled biomolecule request (i.e., transported tothe user originating the labeled biomolecule request). In someembodiments, the labeled biomolecule reagent is prepared and deliveredto the user in the container used to contact the activated biomoleculewith the activated label. For example, the labeled biomolecule reagentmay be packaged and delivered in the microtube used to contact theactivated biomolecule with the activated label. Methods may also includedelivering the packaged labeled biomolecule reagent to the requestor,such as by mail.

The prepared labeled biomolecule reagent may be packaged with othercomponents, such as for using or storing the labeled biomoleculereagent, including but not limited to buffers, syringes, needles,micropipets, glass slides, desiccants, etc. In addition, the packagedlabeled biomolecule reagent may further include instructions for storingand using the labeled biomolecule reagent. The instructions may berecorded on a suitable recording medium, such as printed on paper orplastic, etc. The instructions may be present as a package insert, suchas in the labeling of the container. In other embodiments, theinstructions may be present as electronic storage data file present on asuitable computer readable storage medium, e.g. CD-ROM, SD card, USBdrive etc. In yet other embodiments, the actual instructions are notpresent in the package, but means for obtaining the instructions from aremote source, e.g. via the internet, are provided. An example of thisembodiment is a paper or plastic insert having a web address where theinstructions can be viewed and/or from which the instructions can bedownloaded.

Methods for Requesting and Receiving a Labeled Biomolecule Reagent

Aspects of the present disclosure also include methods for requestingand receiving a labeled biomolecule reagent. Methods according to someembodiments include communicating a request for a labeled biomoleculereagent, the labeled biomolecule request including one or more of: 1) alabeled biomolecule request; and 2) a biomolecule request and a labelrequest and receiving a labeled biomolecule reagent that includes abiomolecule covalently bonded to a label. In some embodiments, the labelrequest comprises an enzyme request and a substrate request. Inpracticing the subject methods, the labeled biomolecule request may becommunicated by any convenient communication protocol including, but notlimited to, communicating the labeled biomolecule request over thetelephone, by facsimile, electronic mail or postal mail. In someembodiments, the labeled biomolecule request is communicated byinputting the labeled biomolecule reagent request into a graphical userinterface on a computer, such as on an internet website.

In some embodiment, the biomolecule comprises a polypeptide, a nucleicacid, a polysaccharide, or any combination thereof. The nucleic acid canbe an oligonucleotide, DNA or RNA. The polypeptide can be a protein, anenzyme or a protein binding reagent. The protein binding reagent cancomprise an antibody, an aptamer, or a combination thereof. The proteinbinding reagent conjugated with the label can be capable of specificallybinding to at least one of a plurality of protein targets.

In some embodiments, the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, a T-cellreceptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, a tumorantigen, a receptor, or any combination thereof. The plurality ofprotein targets can comprise, for example, 10-400 different proteintargets. The biomolecule can be selected from at least 100, 1,000, or10,000 different biomolecules.

In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a unique identifierfor the biomolecule. The unique identifier can comprise a nucleotidesequence of 25-45 nucleotides in length. The unique identifier can beselected from a diverse set of unique identifiers. The diverse set ofunique identifiers can comprise at least 100, 1,000, or 10,000 differentunique identifiers. The oligonucleotide can have a sequence selectedfrom at least 10, 100, or 1,000 different barcode sequences (e.g.,molecular label sequences). In some embodiments, the oligonucleotide isconjugated to the biomolecule through a linker. The oligonucleotide cancomprise the linker. The linker can comprise a chemical group. Thechemical group can be reversibly attached to the biomolecule. Thechemical group can be selected from the group consisting of a UVphotocleavable group, a streptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and anycombination thereof.

The unique identifier may not be homologous to genomic sequences of asample. The sample can be a single cell, a plurality of cells, a tissue,a tumor sample, or any combination thereof. The sample can be amammalian sample, a bacterial sample, a viral sample, a yeast sample, afungal sample, or any combination thereof. The oligonucleotide cancomprise a barcode sequence (e.g., a molecular label sequence), apoly(A) tail, or a combination thereof.

One or more labeled biomolecule reagent requests may be communicated,such as communicating 2 or more labeled biomolecule reagent requests,such as 5 or more, such as 10 or more and including communicating 25 ormore labeled biomolecule reagent requests. In some embodiments, methodsinclude communicating a labeled biomolecule reagent request thatincludes a single biomolecule request and a single label request. Inother embodiments, the labeled biomolecule reagent request includes asingle biomolecule request and a plurality of label requests. In yetother embodiments, the labeled biomolecule reagent request includes aplurality of biomolecule requests and a single label request. In stillother embodiments, the labeled biomolecule request includes a pluralityof biomolecule requests and a plurality of label requests. In someembodiments, the labeled biomolecule reagent request includes one ormore labeled biomolecule requests. In some embodiments, the labelrequest comprises an enzyme request and a substrate request.

In some embodiments, the labeled biomolecule reagent request iscommunicated by inputting the request on a graphical user interface,such as on an internet website. The graphical user interface may displayall or part of a database (e.g., catalog) of labeled biomolecules,activated biomolecules, biomolecules, activated labels, labels andreactive linkers. Each category from the database may be displayed as alist, drop-down menu or other configuration. The labeled biomoleculereagent request may be entered by inputting information or dataassociated with the biomolecule and the label into appropriate textfields or by selecting check boxes or selecting one or more items from adrop-down menu, or by using a combination thereof.

In one example, a labeled biomolecule reagent request is inputted intothe graphical user interface by selecting a labeled biomolecule from adrop-down menu. In another example, a labeled biomolecule reagentrequest is inputted into the graphical user interface by selecting oneor more biomolecules from a first drop-down menu and one or more labelsfrom a second drop-down menu. In yet another example, a labeledbiomolecule reagent request is inputted into the graphical userinterface by selecting one or more biomolecules from a first drop-downmenu, one or more labels from a second drop-down menu and one or morereactive linkers from a third drop-down menu.

To input a labeled biomolecule reagent request, information or dataassociated with a particular labeled biomolecule, biomolecule or labelis entered onto the graphical user interface. The information or dataentered may be a string of one or more characters (e.g., alphanumericcharacters), symbols, images or other graphical representation(s) of thelabeled biomolecule. In some embodiments, a “shorthand” designation orother suitable identifier of the labeled biomolecule, biomolecule,label, activated biomolecule, activated label or reactive linker areentered. For example, biomolecule name, label name, ascension number,sequence identification number, abbreviated probe sequence, chemicalstructure or Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number may beentered.

In some embodiments, the labeled biomolecule reagent includes apolypeptide and the request may include information such as polypeptidename, protein name, enzyme name, antibody name or the name of protein,enzyme or antibody fragments thereof, polypeptides derived from specificbiological fluids (e.g., blood, mucus, lymphatic fluid, synovial fluid,cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage, amniotic fluid,amniotic cord blood, urine, vaginal fluid and semen), polypeptidesderived from specific species (e.g., mouse monoclonal antibodies) aswell as amino acid sequence identification number. In some embodiments,the labeled biomolecule reagent includes a biological probe and therequest includes information or data associated with a specific bindingdomain.

In other embodiments, the labeled biomolecule reagent includes a nucleicacid and the request may include information such as oligonucleotidename, oligonucleotides identified by gene name, oligonucleotidesidentified by accession number, oligonucleotides of genes from specificspecies (e.g., mouse, human), oligonucleotides of genes associated withspecific tissues (e.g., liver, brain, cardiac), oligonucleotides ofgenes associate with specific physiological functions (e.g., apoptosis,stress response), oligonucleotides of genes associated with specificdisease states (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disease) as well asnucleotide sequence identification number.

In some embodiments, methods for requesting a labeled biomoleculefurther include completing a questionnaire or survey related to thelabeled biomolecule request. In these embodiments, the requestor of thelabeled biomolecule is prompted with a series of questions, or in theform of a questionnaire or survey related to the labeled biomoleculerequest. For example, the questionnaire or survey may include onequestion related to the labeled biomolecule request, such as 2 or morequestions, such as 3 or more questions, such as 4 or more questions andincluding 5 or more questions related to the labeled biomoleculerequest. The content of questionnaire or survey may vary depending onthe information that is desired. For instance, questions in thequestionnaire or survey may include, but are not limited to, requests toprovide the contents of a requestor's reagent inventory, the types ofexperiments being conducted with the labeled biomolecule as well as thetiming of the use of the labeled biomolecule reagent. The questionnairemay also include one or more open text fields for inputting. Forexample, the questionnaire may be an open text feedback form.

In some embodiments, methods include prompting the requestor to completethe series of questions or survey before the labeled biomolecule requestis communicated (e.g., inputted into the graphical user interface). Inother embodiments, methods include prompting the requestor to completethe series of questions or survey after the labeled biomolecule requestis completed. In still other embodiments, the requestor may be promptedwith questions related to the labeled biomolecule request concurrentlywith communicating the labeled biomolecule request. For instance,methods may include prompting the requestor with a question about thespecific use (e.g., experiments being conducted) of the labeledbiomolecule when communicating the labeled biomolecule request.

As described above, the completed series of questions or survey may beused by the design platform to provide a recommendation for one or morelabeled biomolecule, biomolecule, activated biomolecule, label,activated label or reactive linker. For example, the answers to thequestions or survey may be used by the design platform to recommend alabeled biomolecule, biomolecule, activated biomolecule, label,activated label or reactive linker that is best suited for use with aparticular analytical instrument (e.g., flow cytometer, fluorescencespectrometer) or that is best suited for the intended application of thelabeled biomolecule. The design platform, in some embodiments, isconfigured to use the answers to the completed series of questions orsurveys to provide a recommendation for a labeled biomolecule,biomolecule, activated biomolecule, label, activated label or reactivelinker based on the target density (e.g., antigen density on a cell)

The answers to the series of questions or survey may be communicatedusing the same or different protocol as used to communicate the labeledbiomolecule request (e.g., telephone, facsimile, email, graphical userinterface at a standalone station, graphical user interface through theinternet). For example, where the labeled biomolecule is request iscommunicated through a graphical user interface through the internet,answers to the series of questions may also be inputted through thegraphical user interface, such as with drop down menus or text fields.

Methods according to embodiments of the present disclosure also includereceiving the labeled biomolecule reagent. The labeled biomoleculereagent may be received loaded in a container and may be packaged withone or more ancillary components, such as for using or storing thesubject composition. In some embodiments, the labeled biomoleculereagent is received with buffers, syringes, needles, micropipets, glassslides, desiccants, etc. The packaged labeled biomolecule reagent mayalso be received with instructions for storing and using the labeledbiomolecule reagent, such as instructions printed on paper, plastic oron a computer readable medium (e.g., CD-ROM, SD-card, USB drive) or asan insert providing instructions for retrieving instructions for storingand using the subject compositions from a remote source, such as on theinternet.

Storage Containing a Plurality of Activated Biomolecules and a Pluralityof Activated Labels

Aspects of the disclosure also include a storage containing a pluralityof activated biomolecules and a plurality of activated labels. Asdiscussed in detail above, the subject labeled biomolecule reagents areprepared by contacting an activated biomolecule (e.g., an activatedprotein binding reagent, wherein the protein binding reagent is capableof specifically binding to a protein target) with an activated label(e.g., an activated oligonucleotide, wherein the oligonucleotidecomprises a unique identifier for the protein binding reagent that it isconjugated therewith). In some embodiments, the activated biomoleculesin the storage are polypeptides, nucleic acids, polypeptides or acombination thereof that are coupled to a reactive linker. In someembodiments, the activated biomolecules in the storage are biologicalprobes coupled to a reactive linker where the probe includes a specificbinding domain for an analyte of interest, such as antibody bindingagents, proteins, peptides, haptens, nucleic acids, etc. Activatedlabels are marker compounds that may be detectible based on, forexample, fluorescence emission, absorbance, fluorescence polarization,fluorescence lifetime, fluorescence wavelength, absorbance maxima,absorbance wavelength, Stokes shift, light scatter, mass, molecularmass, redox, acoustic, raman, magnetism, radio frequency, enzymaticreactions (including chemiluminescence and electro-chemiluminescence) orcombinations thereof. For example, the label may be a fluorophore, achromophore, an enzyme, an enzyme substrate, a catalyst, a redox label,a radiolabel, an acoustic label, a Raman (SERS) tag, a mass tag, anisotope tag (e.g., isotopically pure rare earth element), a magneticparticle, a microparticle, a nanoparticle, an oligonucleotide, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, activated labels in storage are fluorophorescoupled to a reactive linker. Fluorophores of interest may include, butare not limited to, dyes suitable for use in analytical applications(e.g., flow cytometry, imaging, etc.), such as an acridine dye,anthraquinone dyes, arylmethane dyes, diarylmethane dyes (e.g., diphenylmethane dyes), chlorophyll containing dyes, triarylmethane dyes (e.g.,triphenylmethane dyes), azo dyes, diazonium dyes, nitro dyes, nitrosodyes, phthalocyanine dyes, cyanine dyes, asymmetric cyanine dyes,quinon-imine dyes, azine dyes, eurhodin dyes, safranin dyes, indamins,indophenol dyes, fluorine dyes, oxazine dye, oxazone dyes, thiazinedyes, thiazole dyes, xanthene dyes, fluorene dyes, pyronin dyes,fluorine dyes, rhodamine dyes, phenanthridine dyes, as well as dyescombining two or more dyes (e.g., in tandem) as well as polymeric dyeshaving one or more monomeric dye units, as well as mixtures of two ormore dyes thereof. For example, the fluorophore may be4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′disulfonic acid; acridine andderivatives such as acridine, acridine orange, acrindine yellow,acridine red, and acridine isothiocyanate; allophycocyanin,phycoerythrin, peridinin-chlorophyll protein,5-(2′-aminoethyl)aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (EDANS);4-amino-N-[3-vinyl sulfonyl)phenyl]naphthalimide-3,5 disulfonate(Lucifer Yellow VS); N-(4-anilino-1-naphthyl)maleimide; anthranilamide;Brilliant Yellow; coumarin and derivatives such as coumarin,7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC, Coumarin 120),7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcouluarin (Coumaran 151); cyanine andderivatives such as cyanosine, Cy3, Cy5, Cy5.5, and Cy7;4′,6-diaminidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI); 5′,5″-dibromopyrogallol-sulfonephthalein (Bromopyrogallol Red);7-diethylamino-3-(4′-isothiocyanatophenyl)-4-methylcoumarin;diethylaminocoumarin; diethylenetriamine pentaacetate;4,4′-diisothiocyanatodihydro-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid;4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-di sulfonic acid;5-[dimethylamino]naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (DNS, dansyl chloride);4-(4′-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid (DABCYL);4-dimethylaminophenylazophenyl-4′-isothiocyanate (DABITC); eosin andderivatives such as eosin and eosin isothiocyanate; erythrosin andderivatives such as erythrosin B and erythrosin isothiocyanate;ethidium; fluorescein and derivatives such as 5-carboxyfluorescein(FAM), 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl)aminofluorescein (DTAF),2′7′-dimethoxy-4′5′-dichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein (JOE), fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC), fluorescein chlorotriazinyl, naphthofluorescein,and QFITC (XRITC); fluorescamine; IR144; IR1446; Green FluorescentProtein (GFP); Reef Coral Fluorescent Protein (RCFP); Lissamine™;Lissamine rhodamine, Lucifer yellow; Malachite Green isothiocyanate;4-methylumbelliferone; ortho cresolphthalein; nitrotyrosine;pararosaniline; Nile Red; Oregon Green; Phenol Red; B-phycoerythrin;o-phthaldialdehyde; pyrene and derivatives such as pyrene, pyrenebutyrate and succinimidyl 1-pyrene butyrate; Reactive Red 4 (Cibacron™Brilliant Red 3B-A); rhodamine and derivatives such as6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX), 6-carboxyrhodamine (R6G),4,7-dichlororhodamine lissamine, rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride,rhodamine (Rhod), rhodamine B, rhodamine 123, rhodamine Xisothiocyanate, sulforhodamine B, sulforhodamine 101, sulfonyl chloridederivative of sulforhodamine 101 (Texas Red),N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine (TAMRA), tetramethyl rhodamine,and tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC); riboflavin; rosolicacid and terbium chelate derivatives; xanthene; dye-conjugated polymers(i.e., polymer-attached dyes) such as fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextranas well as dyes combining two or more of the aforementioned dyes (e.g.,in tandem), polymeric dyes having one or more monomeric dye units andmixtures of two or more of the aforementioned dyes thereof.

In some embodiments, the fluorophore (i.e., dye) is a fluorescentpolymeric dye. Fluorescent polymeric dyes that find use in the subjectmethods and systems are varied. In some embodiments of the method, thepolymeric dye includes a conjugated polymer.

Conjugated polymers (CPs) are characterized by a delocalized electronicstructure which includes a backbone of alternating unsaturated bonds(e.g., double and/or triple bonds) and saturated (e.g., single bonds)bonds, where π-electrons can move from one bond to the other. As such,the conjugated backbone may impart an extended linear structure on thepolymeric dye, with limited bond angles between repeat units of thepolymer. For example, proteins and nucleic acids, although alsopolymeric, in some cases do not form extended-rod structures but ratherfold into higher-order three-dimensional shapes. In addition, CPs mayform “rigid-rod” polymer backbones and experience a limited twist (e.g.,torsion) angle between monomer repeat units along the polymer backbonechain. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye includes a CP that has arigid rod structure. As summarized above, the structural characteristicsof the polymeric dyes can have an effect on the fluorescence propertiesof the molecules.

Any convenient polymeric dye may be utilized in the subject methods andsystems. In some embodiments, a polymeric dye is a multichromophore thathas a structure capable of harvesting light to amplify the fluorescentoutput of a fluorophore. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye iscapable of harvesting light and efficiently converting it to emittedlight at a longer wavelength. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye hasa light-harvesting multichromophore system that can efficiently transferenergy to nearby luminescent species (e.g., a “signaling chromophore”).Mechanisms for energy transfer include, for example, resonant energytransfer (e.g., Forster (or fluorescence) resonance energy transfer,FRET), quantum charge exchange (Dexter energy transfer) and the like. Insome embodiments, these energy transfer mechanisms are relatively shortrange; that is, close proximity of the light harvesting multichromophoresystem to the signaling chromophore provides for efficient energytransfer. Under conditions for efficient energy transfer, amplificationof the emission from the signaling chromophore occurs when the number ofindividual chromophores in the light harvesting multichromophore systemis large; that is, the emission from the signaling chromophore is moreintense when the incident light (the “excitation light”) is at awavelength which is absorbed by the light harvesting multichromophoresystem than when the signaling chromophore is directly excited by thepump light.

The multichromophore may be a conjugated polymer. Conjugated polymers(CPs) are characterized by a delocalized electronic structure and can beused as highly responsive optical reporters for chemical and biologicaltargets. Because the effective conjugation length is substantiallyshorter than the length of the polymer chain, the backbone contains alarge number of conjugated segments in close proximity. Thus, conjugatedpolymers are efficient for light harvesting and enable opticalamplification via energy transfer.

In some embodiments the polymer may be used as a direct fluorescentreporter, for example fluorescent polymers having high extinctioncoefficients, high brightness, etc. In some embodiments, the polymer maybe used as an strong chromophore where the color or optical density isused as an indicator.

Polymeric dyes of interest include, but are not limited to, those dyesdescribed by Gaylord et al. in US Publication Nos. 20040142344,20080293164, 20080064042, 20100136702, 20110256549, 20120028828,20120252986 and 20130190193 the disclosures of which are hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety; and Gaylord et al., J. Am.Chem. Soc., 2001, 123 (26), pp 6417-6418; Feng et al., Chem. Soc. Rev.,2010,39, 2411-2419; and Traina et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133(32), pp 12600-12607, the disclosures of which are herein incorporatedby reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye includes a conjugated polymerincluding a plurality of first optically active units forming aconjugated system, having a first absorption wavelength (e.g., asdescribed herein) at which the first optically active units absorbslight to form an excited state. The conjugated polymer (CP) may bepolycationic, polyanionic and/or a charge-neutral conjugated polymer.

The CPs may be water soluble for use in biological samples. Anyconvenient substituent groups may be included in the polymeric dyes toprovide for increased water-solubility, such as a hydrophilicsubstituent group, e.g., a hydrophilic polymer, or a charged substituentgroup, e.g., groups that are positively or negatively charged in anaqueous solution, e.g., under physiological conditions. Any convenientwater-soluble groups (WSGs) may be utilized in the subject lightharvesting multichromophores. The term “water-soluble group” refers to afunctional group that is well solvated in aqueous environments and thatimparts improved water solubility to the molecules to which it isattached. In some embodiments, a WSG increases the solubility of themultichromophore in a predominantly aqueous solution (e.g., as describedherein), as compared to a multichromophore which lacks the WSG. Thewater soluble groups may be any convenient hydrophilic group that iswell solvated in aqueous environments. In some embodiments, thehydrophilic water soluble group is charged, e.g., positively ornegatively charged or zwitterionic. In some embodiments, the hydrophilicwater soluble group is a neutral hydrophilic group. In some embodiments,the WSG is a hydrophilic polymer, e.g., a polyethylene glycol, acellulose, a chitosan, or a derivative thereof.

As used+herein, the terms “polyethylene oxide”, “PEO”, “polyethyleneglycol” and “PEG” are used interchangeably and refer to a polymerincluding a chain described by the formula —(CH₂—CH₂—O—)_(n)— or aderivative thereof. In some embodiments, “n” is 5000 or less, such as1000 or less, 500 or less, 200 or less, 100 or less, 50 or less, 40 orless, 30 or less, 20 or less, 15 or less, such as 5 to 15, or 10 to 15.It is understood that the PEG polymer may be of any convenient lengthand may include a variety of terminal groups, including but not limitedto, alkyl, aryl, hydroxyl, amino, acyl, acyloxy, and amido terminalgroups. Functionalized PEGs that may be adapted for use in the subjectmultichromophores include those PEGs described by S. Zalipsky in“Functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) for preparation of biologicallyrelevant conjugates”, Bioconjugate Chemistry 1995, 6 (2), 150-165. Watersoluble groups of interest include, but are not limited to, carboxylate,phosphonate, phosphate, sulfonate, sulfate, sulfinate, ester,polyethylene glycols (PEG) and modified PEGs, hydroxyl, amine, ammonium,guanidinium, polyamine and sulfonium, polyalcohols, straight chain orcyclic saccharides, primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary aminesand polyamines, phosphonate groups, phosphinate groups, ascorbategroups, glycols, including, polyethers, —COOM′, —SO₃M′, —PO₃M′, —NR₃,Y′, (CH₂CH₂O)_(p)R and mixtures thereof, where Y′ can be any halogen,sulfate, sulfonate, or oxygen containing anion, p can be 1 to 500, eachR can be independently H or an alkyl (such as methyl) and M′ can be acationic counterion or hydrogen, —(CH₂CH₂O)_(yy)CH₂CH₂XR^(yy)—,—(CH₂CH₂O)_(yy)CH₂CH₂X—, —X(CH₂CH₂O)_(yy)CH₂CH₂—, glycol, andpolyethylene glycol, wherein yy is selected from 1 to 1000, X isselected from O, S, and NR^(ZZ), and R^(ZZ) and R^(YY) are independentlyselected from H and C1-3 alkyl.

The polymeric dye may have any convenient length. In some embodiments,the particular number of monomeric repeat units or segments of thepolymeric dye may fall within the range of 2 to 500,000, such as 2 to100,000, 2 to 30,000, 2 to 10,000, 2 to 3,000 or 2 to 1,000 units orsegments, or such as 100 to 100,000, 200 to 100,000, or 500 to 50,000units or segments. In some embodiments, the number of monomeric repeatunits or segments of the polymeric dye is within the range of 2 to 1000units or segments, such as from 2 to 750 units or segments, such as from2 to 500 units or segments, such as from 2 to 250 units or segment, suchas from 2 to 150 units or segment, such as from 2 to 100 units orsegments, such as from 2 to 75 units or segments, such as from 2 to 50units or segments and including from 2 to 25 units or segments.

The polymeric dyes may be of any convenient molecular weight (MW). Insome embodiments, the MW of the polymeric dye may be expressed as anaverage molecular weight. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anaverage molecular weight of from 500 to 500,000, such as from 1,000 to100,000, from 2,000 to 100,000, from 10,000 to 100,000 or even anaverage molecular weight of from 50,000 to 100,000. In some embodiments,the polymeric dye has an average molecular weight of 70,000.

The polymeric dye may have one or more desirable spectroscopicproperties, such as a particular absorption maximum wavelength, aparticular emission maximum wavelength, extinction coefficient, quantumyield, and the like.

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorption curve between280 and 850 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorptionmaximum in the range 280 and 850 nm. In some embodiments, the polymericdye absorbs incident light having a wavelength in the range between 280and 850 nm, where specific examples of absorption maxima of interestinclude, but are not limited to: 348 nm, 355 nm, 405 nm, 407 nm, 445 nm,488 nm, 640 nm and 652 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anabsorption maximum wavelength in a range selected from the groupconsisting of 280-310 nm, 305-325 nm, 320-350 nm, 340-375 nm, 370-425nm, 400-450 nm, 440-500 nm, 475-550 nm, 525-625 nm, 625-675 nm and650-750 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorptionmaximum wavelength of 348 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye hasan absorption maximum wavelength of 355 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an absorption maximum wavelength of 405 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorption maximum wavelength of407 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorption maximumwavelength of 445 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anabsorption maximum wavelength of 488 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an absorption maximum wavelength of 640 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an absorption maximum wavelength of652 nm.

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength ranging from 400 to 850 nm, such as 415 to 800 nm, wherespecific examples of emission maxima of interest include, but are notlimited to: 395 nm, 421 nm, 445 nm, 448 nm, 452 nm, 478 nm, 480 nm, 485nm, 491 nm, 496 nm, 500 nm, 510 nm, 515 nm, 519 nm, 520 nm, 563 nm, 570nm, 578 nm, 602 nm, 612 nm, 650 nm, 661 nm, 667 nm, 668 nm, 678 nm, 695nm, 702 nm, 711 nm, 719 nm, 737 nm, 785 nm, 786 nm, 805 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength in arange selected from the group consisting of 380-400 nm, 410-430 nm,470-490 nm, 490-510 nm, 500-520 nm, 560-580 nm, 570-595 nm, 590-610 nm,610-650 nm, 640-660 nm, 650-700 nm, 700-720 nm, 710-750 nm, 740-780 nmand 775-795 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emissionmaximum of 395 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum wavelength of 421 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 478 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 480nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength of 485 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum wavelength of 496 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 510 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 570nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength of 602 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum wavelength of 650 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 711 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 737nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength of 750 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum wavelength of 786 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 421 nm±5 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 510nm±5 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength of 570 nm±5 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum wavelength of 602 nm±5 nm. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 650 nm±5 nm. In someembodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximum wavelength of 711nm±5 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an emission maximumwavelength of 786 nm±5 nm. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has anemission maximum selected from the group consisting of 421 nm, 510 nm,570 nm, 602 nm, 650 nm, 711 nm and 786 nm.

In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has an extinction coefficient of1×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, such as 2×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, 2.5×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ ormore, 3×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, 4×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, 5×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ ormore, 6×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, 7×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ or more, or 8×10⁶ cm⁻¹M⁻¹ ormore. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has a quantum yield of 0.05or more, such as 0.1 or more, 0.15 or more, or more, 0.25 or more, 0.3or more, 0.35 or more, 0.4 or more, 0.45 or more, 0.5 or more, 0.6 ormore, 0.7 or more, 0.8 or more, 0.9 or more, 0.95 or more, 0.99 or moreand including 0.999 or more. For example, the quantum yield of polymericdyes of interest may range from 0.05 to 1, such as from 0.1 to 0.95,such as from 0.15 to 0.9, such as from 0.2 to 0.85, such as from 0.25 to0.75, such as from 0.3 to 0.7 and including a quantum yield of from 0.4to 0.6. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has a quantum yield of0.1 or more. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has a quantum yieldof or more. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has a quantum yieldof 0.5 or more. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has a quantumyield of 0.6 or more. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye has aquantum yield of 0.7 or more. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye hasa quantum yield of 0.8 or more. In some embodiments, the polymeric dyehas a quantum yield of 0.9 or more. In some embodiments, the polymericdye has a quantum yield of 0.95 or more. In some embodiments, thepolymeric dye has an extinction coefficient of 1×10⁶ or more and aquantum yield of 0.3 or more. In some embodiments, the polymeric dye hasan extinction coefficient of 2×10⁶ or more and a quantum yield of 0.5 ormore.

In some embodiments, the label comprises a fluorophore, a chromophore, apolypeptide, a protein, an enzyme, an enzyme substrate, a catalyst, aredox label, a radiolabels, an acoustic label, a Raman (SERS) tag, amass tag, an isotope tag, a magnetic particle, a microparticle, ananoparticle, an oligonucleotide, or any combination thereof. In someembodiments, the label comprises an enzyme, an enzyme substrate, or acombination thereof, and wherein the enzyme is capable of modifying theenzyme substrate into a corresponding modified enzyme substrate.

In some embodiments, the enzyme substrate differs from the correspondingmodified enzyme substrate by at least one functional group. The at leastone functional group can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl,halo, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde,haloformyl, carbonate ester, carboxylate, carboxyl, ester, methoxy,hydroperoxy, peroxy, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal, ketal,acetal, orthoester, methylenedioxy, orthocarbonate ester, carboxamide,primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine, 4° ammonium, primaryketamine, secondary ketamine, primary aldimine, secondary aldimine,imide, azide, azo, diimide, cyanate, isocyanate, nitrate, nitrile,isonitrile, nitrosooxy, nitro, nitroso, pyridyl, sulfhydryl, sulfide,disulfide, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfino, sulfo, thiocyanate,isothiocyanate, carbonothione, carbonothial, phosphino, phosphono,phosphate, phosphodiester, borono, boronate, borino, borinate, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the enzyme comprises a methyltransferase, aglycoside hydrolase, a agarase, a aminidase, a amylase, a biosidase, acarrageenase, a cellulase, a ceramidase, a chitinase, a chitosanase, acitrinase, a dextranase, a dextrinase, a fructosidase, a fucoidanase, afucosidase, a furanosidase, a galactosidase, a galacturonase, aglucanase, a glucosidase, a glucuronidase, a glucuronosidase, aglycohydrolase, a glycosidase, a hexaosidase, a hydrolase, aniduronidase, a inosidase, an inulinase, a lactase, a levanase, alicheninase, a ligase, a lyase, a lysozyme, a maltosidase, amaltotriosidase, a mannobiosidase, a mannosidase, a muramidase, anoctulosonase, an octulosonidase, a primeverosidase, a protease, apullulanase, a rhamnosidase, a saminidase, a sialidase, a synthase, atransferase, a trehalase, a turonidase, a turonosidase, a xylanase, axylosidase, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the enzyme substrate comprises 6-mercaptopurine,cellobiose, cellotetraose, xylotetraose, isoprimeverose,β-D-gentiobiose, xyloglucan and mannotriose, agarose, aminic acid,starch, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, cellulose, ceramide, chitine,chitosan, dextrose, dextrins, fructose, fucoidan, fucose, furanoside,galactoside, glucan, glucopyranoside, glucoside, glucuronic acid,glucuronoside, glycose, glycoside, glycosaminoglycan, hexaoside, inulin,lactose, levanose, lipopolysaccharide, mannose, maltoside,maltotrioside, mannose, octulosonate, oligosaccharide, pectate, pectin,peptide, polygalacturonide, polynucleotides, pullulan, rhamnoside,xylan, or any combination thereof.

In embodiments, the activated biomolecules and activated labels forpreparing the labeled biomolecule reagent in accordance with the labeledbiomolecule reagent request are obtained from the storage. The storagemay have 10 or more different activated biomolecules, such as 25 ormore, such as 50 or more, such as 100 or more, such as 250 or more, suchas 500 or more and including 1000 or more activated biomolecules. In oneexample, the storage includes 10 or more different activatedoligonucleotides, such as 25 or more, such as 50 or more, such as 100 ormore, such as 250 or more, such as 500 or more and including 1000 ormore activated oligonucleotides. In another example the storage includes10 or more different activated polypeptides, such as 25 or more, such as50 or more, such as 100 or more, such as 250 or more, such as 500 ormore and including 1000 or more activated polypeptides.

The storage may also include 10 or more different activated labels, suchas 15 or more, such as 20 or more, such as 30 or more, such as 40 ormore and including 50 or more different activated labels.

Each of the plurality of activated biomolecules and activated labels maybe present in the storage in any suitable container capable of storingand providing the activated biomolecule or activated label when desired.In some embodiments, the plurality of different activated biomoleculesand plurality of different activated labels are stored in a singlereservoir partitioned into separate reagent chambers. In otherembodiments, each of the plurality of different activated biomoleculesand plurality of different activated labels are stored in individualcontainers (e.g., bottles, jugs, etc.) In yet other embodiments, each ofthe plurality of different activated biomolecules and plurality ofdifferent activated labels are stored in a plurality of vials, whereeach vial includes pre-measured aliquots of each activated biomoleculeand each activated label. Each container in the storage may also includea label identifying the components of the activated biomolecule oractivated label (e.g., name, structure, CAS registry number, ascensionnumber, probe sequence, etc. of the biomolecule, label and reactivelinker) The label may also include one or more machine readablecomponents such as a Quick Response (QR) code or a bar code.

In some embodiments, the storage also includes a database of availableactivated biomolecules and activated labels. The database may be aprinted catalog in paper or electronic form or may be a searchableelectronic database, such as searchable by keyword, chemistry structure,ascension number, monomer sequence (e.g., amino acid or nucleotidesequence) or by CAS chemical registry number.

Utility

The subject systems and methods find use in preparing complex biologicalreagents (e.g., biological macromolecules coupled to detectablemarkers)—a process that is generally time consuming, financiallyinefficient and extraordinarily labor intensive when conducted on alarge scale. The present disclosure provides a fast, efficient andhighly scalable process for delivering high quality and performancespecific products across a wide range of biomolecule and detectablelabel portfolios.

The systems and methods described herein also provide a unique and newway to request and provide customized biological reagents. In additionbeing able to choose pre-synthesized reagents from an extensive database(e.g., an online database), the subject systems and methods provide foruser customization, where the user can create any desired labeledbiomolecule on-demand. By simply choosing a biological macromolecule anda detectable marker on an easy-to-use graphical interface, a user canrequest any labeled biomolecule, which are used in a variety ofdifferent research applications and in medical diagnosis.

The present disclosure also provides access to large portfolios ofcomplex biological reagents that are not possible when prepared by smallscale synthesis. The subject systems and methods are scalablefacilitating the preparation, on-demand, of thousands of differentcombinations of biomolecules and detectable markers. In someembodiments, the subject systems provide fully automated protocols sothat the preparation of customized detectable biomolecule probesrequires little, if any human input.

The present disclosure also finds use in applications where cellanalysis from a biological sample may be desired for research,laboratory testing or for use in therapy. In some embodiments, thesubject methods and systems may facilitate analysis of cells obtainedfrom fluidic or tissue samples such as specimens for diseases such ascancer. Methods and systems of the present disclosure also allow foranalyzing cells from a biological sample (e.g., organ, tissue, tissuefragment, fluid) with enhanced efficiency and low cost as compared tousing probe compositions synthesized de novo.

EXAMPLES

Some aspects of the embodiments discussed above are disclosed in furtherdetail in the following examples, which are not in any way intended tolimit the scope of the present disclosure.

Example 1 Oligonucleotides for Conjugation with Protein Binding Reagents

This example demonstrates designing of oligonucleotides that can beconjugated with protein binding reagents. The oligonucleotides can beused to determine protein expression and gene expression simultaneously.

95mer Oligonucleotide Design

The following method was used to generate candidate oligonucleotidesequences and corresponding primer sequences for simultaneousdetermination of protein expression and gene expression.

1. Sequence Generation and Elimination

The following method was used to generate candidate oligonucleotidesequences for simultaneous determination of protein expression and geneexpression.

1a. Randomly generate a number of candidate sequences (50,000 sequences)with the desired length (45 bps).

1b. Append the transcriptional regulator LSRR sequence to the 5′ end ofthe sequences generated and a poly(A) sequence (25 bps) to the 3′ end ofthe sequences generated.

1c. Remove sequences generated and appended that do not have GC contentsin the range of 40% to 50%.

1d. Remove remaining sequences with one or more hairpin structures each.

The number of remaining candidate oligonucleotide sequences was 423.

2. Primer Design

The following method was used to design primers for the remaining 423candidate oligonucleotide sequences.

2.1 N1 Primer: Use the universal N1 sequence: GTTGTCAAGATGCTACCGTTCAGAG(LSRR sequence; SEQ ID NO. 5) as the N1 primer.

2.2 N2 Primer (for amplifying specific antibody oligonucleotides; e.g.,N2 primer in FIG. 18):

2.2a. Remove candidate N2 primers that do not start downstream of the N1sequence.

2.2b. Remove candidate N2 primers that overlap in the last 35 bps of thecandidate oligonucleotide sequence.

2.2c. Remove the primer candidates that are aligned to the transcriptomeof the species of cells being studied using the oligonucleotides (e.g.,the human transcriptome or the mouse transcriptome).

2.2d. Use the ILR2 sequence as the default control(ACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT) to minimize or avoid primer-primer interactions.

Of the 423 candidate oligonucleotide sequences, N2 primers for 390candidates were designed.

3. Filtering

The following method was used to filter the remaining 390 candidateprimer sequences.

3a. Eliminate any candidate oligonucleotide sequence with a randomsequence ending in As (i.e. the effective length of the poly(A) sequenceis greater than 25 bps) to keep the poly(A) tail the same length for allbarcodes.

3b. Eliminate any candidate oligonucleotide sequences with 4 or moreconsecutive Gs (>3Gs) because of extra cost and potentially lower yieldin oligo synthesis of runs of Gs.

FIG. 18 panel (a) shows a non-limiting exemplary candidateoligonucleotide sequence generated using the method above.

200mer Oligonucleotide Design

The following method was used to generate candidate oligonucleotidesequences and corresponding primer sequences for simultaneousdetermination of protein expression and gene expression.

1. Sequence Generation and Elimination

The following was used to generate candidate oligonucleotide sequencesfor simultaneous determination of protein expression and geneexpression.

1a. Randomly generate a number of candidate sequences (100,000sequences) with the desired length (128 bps).

1b. Append the transcriptional regulator LSRR sequence and an additionalanchor sequence that is non-human, non-mouse to the 5′ end of thesequences generated and a poly(A) sequence (25 bps) to the 3′ end of thesequences generated.

1c. Remove sequences generated and appended that do not have GC contentsin the range of 40% to 50%.

1d. Sort remaining candidate oligonucleotide sequences based on hairpinstructure scores.

1e. Select 1,000 remaining candidate oligonucleotide sequences with thelowest hairpin scores.

2. Primer Design

The following method was used to design primers for 400 candidateoligonucleotide sequences with the lowest hairpin scores.

2.1 N1 Primer: Use the universal N1 sequence: GTTGTCAAGATGCTACCGTTCAGAG(LSRR sequence; SEQ ID NO. 5) as the N1 primer.

2.2 N2 Primer (for amplifying specific antibody oligonucleotides; e.g.,N2 primer in FIG. 18):

2.2a. Remove candidate N2 primers that do not start 23 nts downstream ofthe N1 sequence (The anchor sequence was universal across all candidateoligonucleotide sequences).

2.2b. Remove candidate N2 primers that overlap in the last 100 bps ofthe target sequence. The resulting primer candidates can be between the48th nucleotide and 100th nucleotide of the target sequence.

2.2c. Remove the primer candidates that are aligned to the transcriptomeof the species of cells being studied using the oligonucleotides (e.g.,the human transcriptome or the mouse transcriptome).

2.2d. Use the ILR2 sequence as the default control(ACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT) to minimize or avoid primer-primer interactions.

2.2e. Remove N2 primer candidates that overlap in the last 100 bps ofthe target sequence.

Of the 400 candidate oligonucleotide sequences, N2 primers for 392candidates were designed.

3. Filtering

The following was used to filter the remaining 392 candidate primersequences.

3a. Eliminate any candidate oligonucleotide sequence with a randomsequence ending in As (i.e. the effective length of the poly(A) sequenceis greater than 25 bps) to keep the poly(A) tail the same length for allbarcodes.

3b. Eliminate any candidate oligonucleotide sequences with 4 or moreconsecutive Gs (>3Gs) because of extra cost and potentially lower yieldin oligo synthesis of runs of Gs.

FIG. 18 panel (b) shows a non-limiting exemplary candidateoligonucleotide sequence generated using the method above. The nested N2primer shown in FIG. 18 panel (b) can bind to the antibody specificsequence for targeted amplification. FIG. 18 panel (c) shows the samenon-limiting exemplary candidate oligonucleotide sequence with a nesteduniversal N2 primer that corresponds to the anchor sequence for targetedamplification. FIG. 18 panel (d) shows the same non-limiting exemplarycandidate oligonucleotide sequence with a N2 primer for one steptargeted amplification.

Altogether, these data indicate that oligonucleotide sequences ofdifferent lengths can be designed for simultaneous determination ofprotein expression and gene expression. The oligonucleotide sequencescan include a universal primer sequence, an antibody specificoligonucleotide sequence, and a poly(A) sequence.

Example 2 Comparison of Detection Sensitivity with Different Antibody:Oligonucleotide Ratios

This example demonstrates detection sensitivity of CD4 protein using ananti-CD4 antibody conjugated with 1, 2, or 3 oligonucleotides.

Frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a subject werethawed. The thawed PBMCs were stained with three types of anti-CD4antibody at 0.06 μg/100 μl (1:333 dilution of oligonucleotide-conjugatedantibody stocks) at room temperature for 20 minutes. Each type of thetypes of anti-CD4 antibody was conjugated with 1, 2, or 3oligonucleotides (“antibody oligonucleotides”). The sequence of theantibody oligonucleotide is shown in FIG. 19. The cells were washed toremove unbound anti-CD4 antibodies. The cells were stained with CalceinAM (BD (Franklin Lake, N.J.)) and Drag7™ (Abcam (Cambridge, UnitedKingdom)) for sorting with flow cytometry to obtain live cells. Thecells were washed to remove excess Calcein AM and Drag7™. Single cellsstained with Calcein AM (live cells) and not Drag7™ (cells that were notdead or permeabilized) were sorted, using flow cytometry, into a BDResolve™ cartridge.

Of the wells containing a single cell and a bead, 3500 of the singlecells in the wells were lysed in a lysis buffer with 5 mM DTT. The CD4mRNA expression profile was determined using BD Resolve™ beads. The CD4protein expression profile was determined using BD Resolve™ beads andthe antibody oligonucleotides. Briefly, the mRNA molecules were releasedafter cell lysis. The Resolve™ beads were associated with stochasticbarcodes each containing a molecular label, a cell label, and a polyTregion. The poly(A) regions of the mRNA molecules released from thelysed cells hybridized to the polyT regions of the stochastic barcodes.The poly(A) regions of the oligonucleotides hybridized to the polyTregions of the stochastic barcodes. The mRNA molecules were reversetranscribed using the stochastic barcodes. The antibody oligonucleotideswere replicated using the stochastic barcodes. The reverse transcriptionand replication occurred in one sample aliquot at the same time.

The reverse transcribed products and replicated products were PCRamplified for 15 cycles at 60 degrees annealing temperature usingprimers for determining the mRNA expression profiles of 488 blood panelgenes, using blood panel N1 primers, and the expression profile of CD4protein, using the antibody oligonucleotide N1 primers (“PCR 1”). Excessstochastic barcodes were removed with Ampure cleanup. The products fromPCR1 were divided into two aliquots, one aliquot for determining themRNA expression profiles of the 488 blood panel genes, using the bloodpanel N2 primers, and one aliquot for determining the expression profileof CD4 protein, using the antibody oligonucleotide N2 primers (“PCR 2”).Both aliquots were PCR amplified for 15 cycles at 60 degrees annealingtemperature. The expression of CD4 protein in the lysed cells wasdetermined based on the antibody oligonucleotides as illustrated in FIG.19 (“PCR 2”). Sequencing data was obtained and analyzed after sequencingadaptor ligation (“PCR 3”). Cell types were determined based on theexpression profiles of the 488 blood panel genes.

FIG. 20 panels (a)-(f) are non-limiting exemplary t-DistributedStochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) projection plots showing results ofusing oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies to measure CD4 proteinexpression and gene expression simultaneously in a high throughputmanner. CD4 protein expression was distinctly and robustly detected inCD4 expressing cell types (e.g., CD4 T cells) with anti-CD4 antibodiesconjugated to 1, 2, or 3 antibody oligonucleotides (FIG. 20 panels (b),(d), and (f) respectively). FIG. 21, panels (a)-(f) are non-limitingexemplary bar charts showing the expressions of CD4 mRNA and protein inCD4 T cells (high CD4 expression), CD8 T cells (minimal CD4 expression),and Myeloid cells (some CD4 expression). With similar sequencing depth,detection sensitivity for CD4 protein level increased with higher ratiosof antibody:oligonucleotide, with the 1:3 ratio performing better thanthe 1:1 and 1:2 ratios (FIG. 22). The expression of CD4 protein on cellsurface of cells sorted using flow cytometry was confirmed using FlowJo(FlowJo (Ashland, Oreg.)) as shown in FIG. 23 panels (a)-(d). FIG. 24panels (a)-(f) are non-limiting exemplary bar charts showing theexpressions of CD4 mRNA and CD4 protein in CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, andMyeloid cells of two samples. The second sample was prepared using twodifferent sample preparation protocols. FIG. 25 is a non-limitingexemplary bar chart showing detection sensitivity for CD4 protein leveldetermined using different sample preparation protocols with anantibody:oligonucleotide ratio of 1:3.

Altogether, these data indicate that CD4 protein expression can bedistinctly and robustly detected based on oligonucleotide-conjugatedwith anti-CD4 antibodies. Detection sensitivity for CD4 protein levelcan increase with higher antibody: oligonucleotide ratios.

Example 3 Hot:Cold Antibody Titration

This example demonstrates determining a ratio ofoligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies (“hot antibodies”) and antibodiesnot conjugated with oligonucleotides (“cold antibodies”) such that theantibody oligonucleotides account for a desired percentage (e.g., 2%) oftotal reads in sequencing data.

An anti-CD147 antibody stock was diluted at 1:20, 1:100, 1:200, 1:300,1:400, 1:600, 1:800, and 1:1000 dilutions with PE buffer. Around 150,000Jurkat cells in 100 μl of staining buffer (FBS) (BD (Franklin Lake,N.J.)) were stained at various antibody dilutions for 20 minutes at roomtemperature. After staining, the cells were washed once with 500 μl ofstaining buffer and resuspended in 200 μl for measurement offluorescence intensity. Muse™ Autophagy LC3-antibody (EMD Millipore(Billerica, Mass.)) was used to detect the anti-CD147 antibody bound tothe Jurkat cells. The fluorescence intensities from cells stained atvarious anti-CD147 antibody dilutions or cells not stained weredetermined and compared to determine an optimal dilution for theantibody (FIGS. 26A-26C). Fluorescence intensity decreased with higherdilution. More than 99% of the cells were stained with a dilution ratioof 1:800. Fluorescence signals began to drop out at 1:800. Cells werestained to saturation up to a dilution ratio of 1:200. Cells werestained close to saturation up to a dilution ration of 1:400.

FIG. 27 shows a non-limiting exemplary experimental design fordetermining a staining concentration of oligonucleotide-conjugatedantibodies such that the antibody oligonucleotides account for a desiredpercentage of total reads in sequencing data. An anti-CD147 antibody wasconjugated with a cleavable 95mer antibody oligonucleotide at anantibody:oligonucleotide ratio of 1:3 (“hot antibody”). The hot antibodywas diluted using a pH 7.5 diluent at a 1:100 ratio or a 1:800 ratio. Amixture of 10% hot antibody:90% cold antibody was prepared using 9 μl ofcold anti-CD147 antibody and 1 μl of the hot antibody. A mixture of 1%hot antibody:90% cold antibody was prepared using 9 μl of the coldanti-CD147 antibody and 1 μl of the mixture of 10% hot antibody:90% coldantibody.

Thawed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with around 0.5million cells were stained in 100 μl of staining buffer (FBS) with the1:100 diluted stock with 100% hot antibody (1% of the stock hotantibody), the mixture of 10% hot antibody:90% cold antibody (0.1% ofthe stock hot antibody), the mixture of 1% hot antibody:99% coldantibody (0.01% of the stock hot antibody), and the 1:800 diluted stockwith 100% hot antibody (0.0125% of the stock hot antibody). Afterstaining, the cells were washed to remove unbound antibody molecules.The cells were stained with Calcein AM and Drag7™ for sorting with flowcytometry to obtain live cells. The cells were washed to remove excessCalcein AM and Drag7™. Single cells stained with Calcein AM (live cells)and not Drag7™ (cells that were not dead or permeabilized) were sorted,using flow cytometry, into a BD Resolve™ cartridge.

Of the wells containing a single cell and a bead, 1000 of the singlecells in the wells were lysed in a lysis buffer. For each single cell,the mRNA molecules were reverse transcribed and the antibodyoligonucleotides were replicated using stochastic barcodes conjugatedwith a bead for the cell. The samples after reverse transcription andreplication were PCR amplified for 15 cycles at 60 degrees annealingtemperature using primers for determining the mRNA expression profilesof 488 blood panel genes, using blood panel N1 primers, and theexpression of CD147 protein, using the antibody oligonucleotide N1primers (“PCR 1”). Excess primers were removed with Ampure cleanup. Theproducts from PCR1 were further PCR amplified (“PCR 2”) for 15 cycles at60 degrees annealing temperature using blood panel N2 primers andantibody oligonucleotide N1 primers with a flanking sequence for adaptorligation. Sequencing data was obtained and analyzed after sequencingadaptor ligation (“PCR 3”).

FIG. 28 panels (a)-(d) are non-limiting exemplary bioanalyzer tracesshowing peaks (indicated by arrows) consistent with the expected size ofthe antibody oligonucleotide. The antibody oligonucleotide peaksdecreased as the hot antibody was titrated with the cold antibody.

Table 1 is a summary of sequencing data metrics. By staining the cellswith the mixture of 1% hot antibody:99% cold antibody prepared using the1:100 diluted stock, the antibody oligonucleotides accounted for 2.4% ofthe total raw reads in the sequencing data. However, as shown in FIG. 29panels (a)-(f) and FIGS. 30B, 31B, and 32B, a distribution histogram ofthe numbers of molecules of antibody oligonucleotides detected afterrecursive substitution error correction (RSEC) or distribution-basederror correction (DBEC) did not include a clear signal peak if the cellswere stained with the mixture of 1% hot antibody:99% cold antibodyprepared using the 1:100 diluted stock. RSEC has been described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/605,874, filed on May 25, 2017, thecontent of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIGS. 30A-30C are non-limiting exemplary plots showing thatoligonucleotide-conjugated anti-CD147 antibody molecules can be used tolabel various cell types. The cell types were determined using theexpression profiles of 488 genes in a blood panel (FIG. 30A). The cellswere stained with a mixture of 10% hot antibody:90% cold antibodyprepared using a 1:100 diluted stock, resulting in a clear signal in ahistogram showing the numbers of molecules of antibody oligonucleotidesdetected (FIG. 30B). The labeling of the various cell types by theantibody oligonucleotide is shown in FIG. 30C.

FIGS. 31A-31C are non-limiting exemplary plots showing thatoligonucleotide-conjugated anti-CD147 antibodies can be used to labelvarious cell types. The cell types were determined using the expressionprofiles of 488 genes in a blood panel (FIG. 31A). The cells werestained with a mixture of 1% hot antibody:99% cold antibody preparedusing a 1:100 diluted stock, resulting in no clear signal in a histogramshowing the numbers of molecules of antibody oligonucleotides detected(FIG. 31B). The labeling of the various cell types by the antibodyoligonucleotide is shown in FIG. 31C.

FIGS. 32A-32C are non-limiting exemplary plots showing thatoligonucleotide-conjugated anti-CD147 antibody molecules can be used tolabel various cell types. The cell types were determined using theexpression profiles of 488 genes in a blood panel (FIG. 32A). The cellswere stained with a 1:800 diluted stock, resulting in a clear signal ina histogram showing the numbers of molecules of antibodyoligonucleotides detected (FIG. 32B). The labeling of the various celltypes by the antibody oligonucleotide is shown in FIG. 32C.

TABLE 1 Summary of sequencing data metrics FC2 - 1:100 FC4 - 1:800 FC3 -1:100 Dilution, Dilution, No Cold Dilution, 1:100 1:10 Cold SampleAntibody Cold Antibody Antibody Total Raw Reads 31.3M 27.3M 29.2M TotalRaw Reads 9161642 (29.2%) 660044 (2.4%) 4013438 Assigned to Oligos(13.7%) Cell Detected 1010 983 907 RSEC Oligo MI 577110 20054 170742DBEC Oligo MI 477216 9319 110629 % Q30 76.45 71.89 73.45 % assigned tocell 84.63 79.47 82.58 labels % aligned uniquely to 73.19 65.4 69.58amplicons Mean raw seq depth 5.58 6.52 6.4 Mean RSEC seq depth 8.6910.41 10.25 Mean DBEC seq depth 15.96 23.29 22.48 AbOligo RSEC seq 8.0812.9 11.2 depth AbOligo DBEC Seq 12.4 30.9 21.2 depth Mean reads percell 11257 14414 15150 mean molecules per 553.8 608.3 647.1 cell Medianmols per cell 246.5 279 278 No. of genes in panel 489 489 489 Totalgenes detected 438 439 441 Mean genes per cell 68.39 73.6 73.12

Altogether, these data indicate that the ratio ofoligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies (“hot antibodies”) and antibodiesnot conjugated with oligonucleotides (“cold antibody”) can be adjustedsuch that the antibody oligonucleotides account for a desired percentageof total reads in sequencing data and data representing signal antibodyoligonucleotides is clearly separated from data representing noiseantibody oligonucleotides.

Example 4 Normalization

This example demonstrates how normalization, using a mixture ofoligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies (“hot antibodies”) and antibodiesnot conjugated with oligonucleotides (“cold antibody”), can result inthe antibody oligonucleotides accounting for a desired percentage oftotal reads in sequencing data with a desired coverage, irrespective ofthe abundance of the protein targets of the antibodies.

Table 2 shows a comparison of quantification of three cell surfacemarkers of varying abundance in 10,000 B cells using hot antibodies.Total number of reads required to resolve relative expression levels ofthe three cell surface markers was 47.52 million reads.

TABLE 2 Example protein quantification using hot antibodies Number ofMolecules Number of Ratio of per Cell reads given Molecules RelativeHot:Cold Detected by sequencing Antigen per Cell abundance AntibodiesSequencing depth of 4 CD21 210,000 105 1:0 840 33.6M HLA- 85,000 42.51:0 340 13.6M DR CD40 2000 1 1:0 8 0.32M

TABLE 3 Example protein quantification using hot and cold antibodiesNumber of Expected Molecules Number of number of per Cell readsmolecules Relative Ratio of detected given based on abundance MoleculesRelative Hot:Cold by sequencing Antibody by Antigen per Cell abundanceAntibodies sequencing depth of 4 ratio sequencing CD21 210,000 105 1:1008.3 0.33M 8.3 × 100 = 103.75 830 HLA- 85,000 42.5 1:40 8.5 0.34M 8.5 ×40 = 42.5 DR 340 CD40 2000 1 1:0 8 0.32M 8 × 1 = 8 1

Table 3 shows that the total number of reads required to resolverelative expression levels of the three cell surface markers was 1million reads using mixtures of hot antibodies:cold antibodies. Also,only 2% of the number of reads, compared to the quantification resultshown in Table 2 (1 million reads vs. 47.52 million reads), is needed toachieve optimal coverage (e.g., sequencing depth of 4) of all threeprotein markers when mixtures of hot antibodies:cold antibodies wereused to quantify expression levels of the three cell surface markers.Normalizing high expressing protein molecules, using a mixture withhigher percentage of cold antibodies, decreased tradeoffs betweendetection of low abundance proteins, number of parameters, andsequencing cost, making the assay more attractive as a tool.

Altogether, these data indicate that a desired number of total reads insequencing data with a desired coverage can be achieved for proteintargets (e.g., antigens) of different abundance using mixtures of hotantibodies:cold antibodies.

Example 5 Identification of T Cell Subsets

This example demonstrates simultaneous digital measurements of proteinand mRNA content by massively parallel single cell sequencing to betteridentify T cell subsets.

High throughput single cell RNA sequencing has been used to profilecomplex and heterogeneous cell populations and dynamics. However, thelack of information on protein expression can make identifying celltypes that have conventionally been defined by cell surface markerschallenging, as mRNA and protein expression may not tightly correlated.T cells in particular, contain relatively low abundance of transcripts,and different T cell subsets often exhibit highly similartranscriptional profiles. This example demonstrate a method of usingoligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies to measure protein expression bysequencing, which enables simultaneous detection of protein and mRNAexpression in a single cell.

The antibody specific oligos were captured, amplified and sequencedalongside mRNAs in a single workflow using BD™ Resolve, a massivelyparallel single cell analysis system. To demonstrate the power of themethod, an oligonucleotide-conjugated antibody panel that included manycommon T cell markers was created. The panel was applied to humanperipheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The detection of proteinexpression by oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies was highly sensitiveand specific. And the addition of protein marker measurement providedmore distinct and robust clustering of single cell expression profile,especially in the T cell compartment, such as the separation of naïveCD4 vs CD8 T cells, and naïve vs memory T cells. In particular, a rareand recently described T cell subset, stem memory T cells, wasidentified. Stem memory T cells constitute a long-lasting memory T cellpopulation with stem cell-like properties.

Altogether, the data show simultaneous digital measurements of proteinand mRNA content by massively parallel single cell sequencing cantransform both single cell transcriptional profiling and high parameterproteomics to further efforts in elucidating complex biological systems,understanding disease states and enabling more effective biomarkerdiscovery.

Example 6 Control Particles

This example demonstrates generating control particles comprisingcontrol particle oligonucleotides with different sequences and use ofthe functionalized control particles to determine capture efficiency.

Materials

BD CompBead Plus Anti-Mouse Ig (7.5 um) Particles Set (51-9006274)

BD staining buffer (FBS)

Procedure

1. Vortex BD CompBead Plus thoroughly before use (1 minute at least).

2. Add 800 uL of staining buffer to tube (Table 7 shows the compositionof the staining buffer with CD147 conjugated to oligonucleotides withfive sequences at different abundance. FIG. 33A is a plot showing thecomposition of the staining buffer.).

3. Add 5 full drops (approximately 300 uL) of CompBead Plus Anti-Mouse.

4. Add 20 uL of the staining cocktail below to the tube. Vortex.

5. Incubate 30 minutes at room temperature away from light.

6. Spin beads at 200 g for 10 minutes.

7. Remove supernatant carefully and resuspend with 1 mL staining buffer.

8. Spin beads at 200 g for 10 minutes.

9. Remove supernatant carefully and resuspend with 1 mL staining bufferto generate the functionalized CompBead stock solution.

10. Count beads.

TABLE 7 Staining Cocktail Composition Final % in Prior StainingAntibodies Staining Buffer Dilution Solution (μl) CD147-LZ15 1 1:1  1CD147-LZ16 0.2 1:5  1 CD147-LZ17 0.1 1:10 1 CD147-LZ18 0.02 1:50 1CD147-LZ19 0.01  1:100 1 Staining Buffer 95

Results

FIGS. 34A-34B are brightfield images of cells (FIG. 34A, white circles)and control particles (FIG. 34B, black circles) in a hemocytometer.FIGS. 35A-35B are phase contrast (FIG. 35A, 10×) and fluorescent (FIG.35B, 10×) images of control particles bound tooligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies associated with fluorophores.Fluorescent microscope was used to determine that 5 ul of thefunctionalized CompBead stock solution contained ˜2000 cells (4% oftotal input) with ˜400000 functionalized CompBeads made.

FIG. 36 is an image of a control particle showing cells and a particlebeing loaded into microwells of a cartridge. CompBeads can be used withregular Resolve experiments. 522 functionalized CompBeads were addedinto a plurality of cells. Of the 20000 cells (including controlparticles) sequences, 156 had a sum of all control particleoligonucleotides greater than 20. Thus, 156 control particles weresequences. FIG. 33B is a plot showing the number of control particleoligonucleotides with the five different control barcode sequences(LZ15-LZ19) correlated with their abundance in the staining buffer.

Altogether, these data show that particles (e.g., CompBead Plus) can befunctionalized with oligonucleotides (e.g., control particleoligonucleotides). Functionalized particles can be used with single cellsequencing workflow to determine the number of particles captured andsequenced.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopeand spirit being indicated by the following claims.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and otherprocesses and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in theprocesses and methods can be implemented in differing order.Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided asexamples, and some of the steps and operations can be optional, combinedinto fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps andoperations without detracting from the essence of the disclosedembodiments.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singularterms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from theplural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as isappropriate to the context and/or application. The varioussingular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sakeof clarity.

It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, termsused herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of theappended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term“including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” theterm “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term“includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,”etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if aspecific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such anintent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence ofsuch recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid tounderstanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of theintroductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claimrecitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed toimply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinitearticles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing suchintroduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one suchrecitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases“one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or“an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one”or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articlesused to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specificnumber of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, thoseskilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should beinterpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the barerecitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at leasttwo recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in thoseinstances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C,etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the senseone having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “asystem having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not belimited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and Btogether, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and Ctogether, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “atleast one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a constructionis intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understandthe convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” wouldinclude but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, Calone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A,B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those withinthe art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting twoor more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, ordrawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities ofincluding one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. Forexample, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include thepossibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are describedin terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize thatthe disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individualmember or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and allpurposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, allranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subrangesand combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easilyrecognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range beingbroken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths,tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein canbe readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third,etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all languagesuch as “up to,” “at least,” and the like include the number recited andrefer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges asdiscussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in theart, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a grouphaving 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, agroup having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells,and so forth.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various embodiments ofthe present disclosure have been described herein for purposes ofillustration, and that various modifications may be made withoutdeparting from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein are not intendedto be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by thefollowing claims.

1. A method of measuring protein expression in cells, comprising: (a)contacting a plurality of oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies with aplurality of cells comprising a plurality of protein targets, whereineach of the plurality of oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies comprisesan antibody conjugated with an antibody specific oligonucleotidecomprising a unique identifier for the antibody conjugated therewith anda poly(A) tail, and wherein the antibody is capable of specificallybinding to at least one of the plurality of protein targets; (b)partitioning the plurality of cells associated with the plurality ofoligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies to a plurality of partitions,wherein a partition of the plurality of partitions comprises a singlecell from the plurality of cells associated with theoligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies; (c) in the partition comprisingthe single cell, contacting a barcoding particle with the antibodyspecific oligonucleotides, wherein the barcoding particle comprises aplurality of oligonucleotide probes each comprising a poly(T) region anda barcode sequence selected from a diverse set of unique barcodesequences; (d) extending the oligonucleotide probes hybridized to theantibody specific oligonucleotides via the hybridization between thepoly(A) tails of the antibody specific oligonucleotides and the poly(T)regions of the oligonucleotide probes to produce a plurality of labelednucleic acids, wherein each of the labeled nucleic acid comprises aunique identifier, or a complementary sequence thereof, and a barcodesequence; and (e) obtaining sequence information of the plurality oflabeled nucleic acids or a portion thereof to determine the quantity ofone or more of the plurality of protein targets in one or more of theplurality of cells.
 2. The method of claim 1, comprising after step (a)removing the oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies that are notassociated with the plurality of cells.
 3. The method of claim 1,comprising detaching the antibody specific oligonucleotides from theantibody.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein partitioning the pluralityof cells comprises partitioning the plurality of cells associated withthe plurality of oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies and a pluralityof barcoding particles comprising the barcoding particle to theplurality of partitions, wherein the partition of the plurality ofpartitions comprises the single cell from the plurality of cellsassociated with the oligonucleotide-conjugated antibody and thebarcoding particle.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein step (e) obtainingsequencing information of the plurality of labeled nucleic acids or aportion thereof comprises subjecting the labeled nucleic acids to one ormore reactions to generate a set of nucleic acids for nucleic acidsequencing.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody specificoligonucleotide is conjugated to the antibody through a chemical groupselected from the group consisting of a UV photocleavable group, astreptavidin, a biotin, an amine, and a combination thereof.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the plurality of protein targets comprises acell-surface protein, an intracellular protein, a cell marker, a B-cellreceptor, a T-cell receptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibilitycomplex, a tumor antigen, a receptor, or a combination thereof.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein each of the oligonucleotide probes comprisesa cell label, a binding site for a universal primer, an amplificationadaptor, a sequencing adaptor, or a combination thereof.
 9. The methodof claim 1, wherein the antibody specific oligonucleotide comprises amolecular label, a cell label, a binding site for a universal primer, anamplification adaptor, a sequencing adaptor, or a combination thereof.10. The method of claim 1, wherein the barcoding particle is a sepharosebead, a streptavidin bead, an agarose bead, a magnetic bead, a silicabead, a silica-like bead, an anti-biotin microbead, an anti-fluorochromemicrobead, or a hydrogel bead.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein thepartition is a well or a droplet.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein theplurality of cells comprises T cells, B cells, tumor cells, myeloidcells, blood cells, normal cells, fetal cells, maternal cells, or amixture thereof.
 13. A method for simultaneous measurement of proteinand gene expressions in cells, comprising: (a) contacting a plurality ofoligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies with a plurality of cellscomprising a plurality of protein targets and a plurality of mRNA targetmolecules, wherein each of the plurality of oligonucleotide-conjugatedantibodies comprises an antibody conjugated with an antibody specificoligonucleotide comprising a unique identifier for the antibodyconjugated therewith and a poly(A) tail, and wherein the antibody iscapable of specifically binding to at least one of the plurality ofprotein targets; (b) partitioning the plurality of cells associated withthe oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies to a plurality of partitions,wherein a partition of the plurality of partitions comprises a singlecell from the plurality of cells associated with theoligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies; (c) in the partition comprisingthe single cell, contacting a barcoding particle with the antibodyspecific oligonucleotides, wherein the barcoding particle comprises aplurality of oligonucleotide probes each comprising a poly(T) region anda barcode sequence selected from a diverse set of unique barcodesequences; (d) extending the oligonucleotide probes hybridized to theantibody oligonucleotides and the mRNA target molecules via thehybridization between the poly(A) tails of the antibody specificoligonucleotides and the mRNA target molecules respectively, and thepoly(T) regions of the oligonucleotide probes to produce a plurality oflabeled nucleic acids, wherein each of the labeled nucleic acidcomprises a unique identifier or a sequence of an mRNA target moleculeor a complementary sequence thereof, respectively, and a barcodesequence; and (e) obtaining sequence information of the plurality oflabeled nucleic acids or a portion thereof to determine the quantity ofone or more of the plurality of protein targets and the quantity of oneor more of the plurality of mRNA target molecules in one or more of theplurality of cells.
 14. The method of claim 13, comprising lysing thesingle cell in the partition comprising the single cell.
 15. The methodof claim 13, wherein the partition is a well or a droplet.
 16. A kit,comprising: a plurality of oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies,wherein each of the plurality of oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodiescomprises an antibody conjugated with an antibody specificoligonucleotide comprising a unique identifier for the antibodyconjugated therewith and a poly(A) tail, and wherein the antibody iscapable of specifically binding to at least one protein target, and aplurality of oligonucleotide probes each comprising a poly(T) region anda barcode sequence selected from at least 100 different unique barcodesequences.
 17. The kit of claim 15, wherein the plurality ofoligonucleotide probes is attached to a bead.
 18. The kit of claim 15,wherein the unique identifier is not homologous to genomic sequences ofa sample.
 19. The kit of claim 15, wherein at least 10 of the pluralityof oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies comprise different antibodiesconjugated with antibody specific oligonucleotides.
 20. The kit of claim15, wherein the plurality of protein targets comprises a cell-surfaceprotein, an intracellular protein, a cell marker, a B-cell receptor, aT-cell receptor, an antibody, a major histocompatibility complex, atumor antigen, a receptor, or a combination thereof.